Effects of theaflavins on tissue inflammation and bone resorption on experimental periodontitis in rats

Abstract

Background and ObjectiveTheaflavins (TFs), the major polyphenol in black tea, have the ability to reduce inflammation and bone resorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of TFs on experimental periodontitis in rats.Material and MethodsThirty rats were divided into five groups: Control (glycerol application without ligation), Ligature (glycerol application with ligation), TF1 (1 mg/mL TF application with ligation), TF10 (10 mg/mL TF application with ligation), and TF100 (100 mg/mL TF application with ligation). To induce experimental periodontitis, ligatures were placed around maxillary first molars bilaterally. After ligature placement, 100 μL glycerol or TFs were topically applied to the rats daily, and rats were euthanized 7 days after ligature placement. Micro‐computed tomography was used to measure bone resorption in the left side of the maxilla, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression of interleukin (IL)‐6, growth‐regulated gene product/cytokine‐induced neutrophil chemoattractant (Gro/Cinc‐1, rat equivalent of IL‐8), matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (Mmp‐9), receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa Β ligand (Rankl), osteoprotegerin (Opg), and the Rankl/Opg ratio in gingival tissue. With tissue from the right side of the maxilla, hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for histological analysis, immunohistochemical staining for leukocyte common antigen (CD45) was used to assess inflammation, and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was used to observe the number of osteoclasts.ResultsThe TF10 and TF100 groups, but not the TF1 group, had significant inhibition of alveolar bone loss, reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration in the periodontium, and significantly reduced numbers of CD45‐positive cells and TRAP‐positive osteoclasts compared with the Ligature group. Correspondingly, the TF10 and TF100 groups had significantly downregulated gene expression of IL‐6, Gro/Cinc‐1(IL‐8), Mmp‐9, and Rankl, but not of Opg. Consequently, Rankl/Opg expression was significantly increased in the Ligation group but was attenuated in the TF10 and TF100 groups.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that topical application of TFs may reduce inflammation and bone resorption in experimental periodontitis. Therefore, TFs have therapeutic potential in the treatment of periodontal disease.

The preventive and therapeutic application of garlic and other plant ingredients in the treatment of periodontal diseases (Review)

“…Theaflavin. Theaflavin is a main polyphenol found in black tea made from the leaves of Camellia sinensis, and exerts anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects (15). In human gingival cells, theaflavin has been shown to decrease the secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 induced by LPS or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (16,17).…”

“…In human gingival cells, theaflavin has been shown to decrease the secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 induced by LPS or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (16,17). Recently, it was shown that theaflavin inhibited alveolar bone resorption in ligature-induced periodontitis rats, along with the reduction of immune cell infiltration and osteoclast formation in gingival tissues (15).…”

Sulfur‑containing amino acids in aged garlic extract inhibit inflammation in human gingival epithelial cells by suppressing intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 expression and IL‑6 secretion

“…It has been reported that several naturally occurring substances, such as curcumin and theaflavin alleviate the absorption of alveolar bones in animal periodontitis models (4,14). It has also been demonstrated that one of the sulfur-containing compounds present in garlic, diallylsulfide (DAS), reduces inflammatory reactions elicited by P.g.-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in human gingival fibroblast cells (15).…”

“…It has been demonstrated that excessive inflammation in the gingival tissue, as well as an immune reaction triggered by the increased number of periodontal pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g. ), plays an important role in the severity and progression of periodontal diseases (3,4). Thus, the control of inflammation may help to delay disease progression or recover severe symptoms in periodontal diseases.…”

Antibiotics and Antimicrobials for Treatment of the Oral Microbiota: Myths and Facts in Research and Clinical Practice

“…If periodontitis remains untreated, it can cause a significant degradation of periodontal tissues over time, which, in turn, causes apical migration of the junctional epithelium, and in the final stages, tooth loss [4][5][6]. If periodontal disease is not adequately treated, it can also lead to a significant reduction in chewing and aesthetic functions, which can be accompanied by impairment of social life and relationships in the most extensive cases [7][8][9].…”