Effects of theophylline and theobromine on exercise performance and implications for competition sport: A systematic review

Kennedy, Michael

doi:10.1002/dta.2970

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In the present study, the theophylline content and xanthine dehydrogenase gene expression in the caffeine metabolic pathway significantly changed. Theophylline and xanthine exert stimulant and bronchiectasis-promoting effects on humans (Kennedy, 2021), but their effects on aquatic animals are unclear. Therefore, their significance after M. bicuspidata infection requires further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomic and metagenomic analyses of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis after challenge with Metschnikowia bicuspidata

et al. 2022

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Milky disease caused by Metschnikowia bicuspidata fungus has significantly harmed the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis aquaculture industry. However, the effect of M. bicuspidata infection on the metabolism and intestinal flora of the crab remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the changes in the metabolism and intestinal flora E. sinensis after 48 h of infection with M. bicuspidata, using metabolomic and metagenomic analyses. Metabolomic analysis results revealed 420 significantly different metabolites between the infected and control groups, and these metabolites were enriched in 58 metabolic pathways. M. bicuspidata infection decreased the levels of metabolites related to amino acid biosynthesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as lysine, histidine, linolenic, arachidonic, and linoleic acid metabolism. These results indicated that M. bicuspidata infection significantly affected the energy metabolism, growth, and immunity of E. sinensis. The results of metagenomic analysis showed that the anaerobes and ascomycetes populations significantly increased and decreased, respectively, after M. bicuspidata infection. These changes in intestinal flora significantly upregulated metabolic and synthetic pathways while downregulating immunity-related pathways. The results of integrated metabolomic and metagenomic analyses showed that 55 differentially expressed genes and 28 operational taxonomic units were correlated with 420 differential metabolites. Thus, the intestinal flora changes caused by M. bicuspidata infection also affected the metabolites. This study provides novel insights into the metabolic-and intestinal microflora-based effects of M. bicuspidata infection in E. sinensis, as well as a theoretical basis for the interaction between fungi and crustaceans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomic and metagenomic analyses of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis after challenge with Metschnikowia bicuspidata

et al. 2022

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“…High levels of quinine were found in soccer players. It inhibits nerve stimulation by decreasing the excitability of the motor end plate and increasing the refractory period of skeletal muscular contraction [ 59 , 60 ].…”

Section: Mybpc3 Snp-associated Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theophylline is known to relax the smooth muscles in the bronchial airways and pulmonary blood vessels. It reduces pulmonary artery pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance, in addition to increasing both right and left ventricular ejection fractions [ 59 ]. This metabolite exerts these effects through different mechanisms.…”

Section: Mybpc3 Snp-associated Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Changes in MYBPC3 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism-Associated Metabolites and Elite Athletes’ Adaptive Cardiac Function

Riguene,

Theodoridou,

Barrak

et al. 2023

JCDD

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Athletic performance is a multifactorial trait influenced by a complex interaction of environmental and genetic factors. Over the last decades, understanding and improving elite athletes’ endurance and performance has become a real challenge for scientists. Significant tools include but are not limited to the development of molecular methods for talent identification, personalized exercise training, dietary requirements, prevention of exercise-related diseases, as well as the recognition of the structure and function of the genome in elite athletes. Investigating the genetic markers and phenotypes has become critical for elite endurance surveillance. The identification of genetic variants contributing to a predisposition for excellence in certain types of athletic activities has been difficult despite the relatively high genetic inheritance of athlete status. Metabolomics can potentially represent a useful approach for gaining a thorough understanding of various physiological states and for clarifying disorders caused by strength–endurance physical exercise. Based on a previous GWAS study, this manuscript aims to discuss the association of specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the MYBPC3 gene encoding for cardiac MyBP-C protein with endurance athlete status. MYBPC3 is linked to elite athlete heart remodeling during or after exercise, but it could also be linked to the phenotype of cardiac hypertrophy (HCM). To make the distinction between both phenotypes, specific metabolites that are influenced by variants in the MYBPC3 gene are analyzed in relation to elite athletic performance and HCM. These include theophylline, ursodeoxycholate, quinate, and decanoyl-carnitine. According to the analysis of effect size, theophylline, quinate, and decanoyl carnitine increase with endurance while decreasing with cardiovascular disease, whereas ursodeoxycholate increases with cardiovascular disease. In conclusion, and based on our metabolomics data, the specific effects on athletic performance for each MYBPC3 SNP-associated metabolite are discussed.

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“…Fatigue occurs because of the role of lactic acid and can be defined as a decrease in muscle strength and power, causing disturbances during training and competition [11]. Many athletes, therefore, consume ergogenic substances or substances to increase productivity and control energy [9] One of the ergogenic substances that can be used is caffeine and theobromine [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only one study was found regarding theobromine administration based on investigations in several works of literature. This leads the author to argue that studies on giving theobromine to physical activity are still very limited [12] Based on the description above, it has been explained that fatigue is the inability of muscles to perform physical activity. Therefore, substances are needed to reduce lactic acid levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Theobromine and Caffeine on Muscle Fatigue Levels after Maximum Physical Activity (Experiment on Male Wistar Rats)

Hidayah¹,

Akhiruyanto²,

Sugiarto³

et al. 2022

saj

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Muscle fatigue often occurs when a person performs a maximal activity. However, some substances are believed to be able to improve exercise performance and control energy due to muscle fatigue called ergogenic substances. Ergogenic substances that are not included in the doping category are theobromine and caffeine. Unfortunately, there are very few exercise studies examining theobromine and caffeine, so further testing to prove their benefits is still needed. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of the administration of ergogenic theobromine and caffeine after the maximum activity so that a decrease in lactic acid levels can be found. This research is an experimental study with laboratory testing and is carried out based on a random control posttest approach. Sampling was done by using the total sampling technique. The research sample was 18 male Wistar rats aged 2-3 months with a weight of 150-250 grams. Samples were divided into 3 groups consisting of the control group, theobromine group, and the caffeine group. The instrument for taking blood samples is accutrend plus. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The hypothesis was tested using One Way Anova with the help of SPSS 16. The tests carried out found that the average values of the control group, theobromine, and caffeine were 5.2, 4.9, and 4.2, respectively. The results of the hypothesis test showed that the significance value obtained was 0.35 > 0.05 which indicated that the hypothesis was rejected. In conclusion, the administration of ergogenic theobromine and caffeine did not give a significant difference in reducing lactic acid levels. This invention can thus be used as a reference for athletes not to use these substances to reduce fatigue and increase energy.

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Effects of theophylline and theobromine on exercise performance and implications for competition sport: A systematic review

Cited by 7 publications

References 27 publications

Metabolomic and metagenomic analyses of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis after challenge with Metschnikowia bicuspidata

Metabolomic and metagenomic analyses of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis after challenge with Metschnikowia bicuspidata

The Relationship between Changes in MYBPC3 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism-Associated Metabolites and Elite Athletes’ Adaptive Cardiac Function

Effects of Theobromine and Caffeine on Muscle Fatigue Levels after Maximum Physical Activity (Experiment on Male Wistar Rats)

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