Effects of threat context and cardiac sensitivity on fear responding to a 35% CO2 challenge: A test of the context-sensitivity panic vulnerability model

Effects of anxiety sensitivity and expectations on the modulation of the startle eyeblink response during a caffeine challenge

“…Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is a personality trait that defines the tendency to fear somatic arousal sensations which are assumed to signify potentially dangerous consequences (McNally 2002). A number of experimental studies have demonstrated that high anxiety sensitive persons report greater fear as well as more anxiety symptoms and panic attacks when exposed to somatic sensations provoked by challenge procedures such as hyperventilation, CO 2 inhalation, loaded breathing, and CKK-4 administration (Alius et al 2013;Asmundson et al 1994;Koszycki et al 1993;Melzig et al 2011;Telch et al 2010;Telch et al 2011;.…”

“…Interestingly, recent studies have indicated that personspecific and contextual factors may interact Telch et al 2010;Telch et al 2011;Telch et al 1996;). An experimental study by Telch et al (2011) revealed a more frequent report of panic attacks to CO 2 -induced arousal in high anxiety sensitive persons but not controls when the participants did not expect such sensations but were given information that the inhalation would have a relaxant effect.…”

Identifying Panic Disorder Subtypes Using Factor Mixture Modeling

“…This is an interesting finding considering Telch et al's context-sensitivity vulnerability model, [12,37] where anxiety sensitivity is an important and possibly predictive measure of panic attacks induced by internal or external contextual cues. Class 3 was associated with lower psychiatric comorbidity, fewer suicide attempts, lower insomnia and WHODAS ratings, and less use of benzodiazepines than classes 1 and 2.…”

“…[10] More recently, a context-sensitivity panic-vulnerability model. [12] has been proposed as an explanatory model for the propensity to experience panic in situations that pose no objective threat to the individual (cf., cognitive misinterpretation or Klein's false suffocation alarm model).…”

The carbon dioxide challenge test in panic disorder: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical research

“…In the first, 72 from 2011, the challenge was performed with or without the presence of a cardiac defibrillator intended to create a threat context. Prior to the test, the subjects' cardiac and anxiety sensitivity was assessed by means of questionnaires referring to specific fears and concerns.…”