Effects of Thymol and Carvacrol, Constituents ofThymus vulgarisL. Essential Oil, on the Inflammatory Response

Fachini-Queiroz, Fernanda Carolina; Kummer, Raquel; Estevão-Silva, Camila Fernanda; Carvalho, Maria Dalva de Barros; Cunha, Joice Maria da; Grespan, Renata; Bersani-Amado, Ciomar Aparecida; Cuman, Roberto Kenji Nakamura

doi:10.1155/2012/657026

Cited by 250 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The irritating symptoms were more pronounced in Ala EO than in the rest of EOs. This may be due to the irritating effect of thymol in this EO (Fachini-Queiroz et al, 2012). It contained over 65% thymol which is much higher than that of Ofl (49.6%), Tar (48.8%), Bal (53.6%) Buta (15.8%) and Yil (6.5%).…”

Section: Observations Of Mice Dosed With Eos At 2000 µL/kg Body Weightmentioning

confidence: 87%

Acute oral toxicity study of Thymus serrulatus and Thymus schimperi from Ethiopia

Damtie¹,

Mekonnen²,

Eyado³

2017

Eth J Sci & Technol

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Thymus serrulatus and Thymus schimperi both endemic to Ethiopia are used by the public as tea and food additives. They are claimed to have some sort of toxicity. However, no toxicity test has been conducted to date. So the present study aimed to test the acute oral toxicities of their Essential Oils (EOs). T. serrulatus was collected from Ofla (Ofl), Alamata (Ala), and Yilmana Densa (Yil) and T. schimperi from Tarmaber (Tar), Butajira (Buta), and Bale (Bal). The control group (Group I) mice were administered with calculated amounts of 0.1% Tween-80 in normal saline. Experimental group (Groups II to VI), on the other hand, were delivered with 2000 µL/Kg body weight of Ofl, Ala, Yil, Tar, Buta and Bal EOs respectively. Treated and control mice were observed, and changes were recorded for 14 days. On the 14 th day, after mice were humanely killed by heart puncture method, their organs were weighed, organ to body weight ratios were calculated and packed cell volumes (PCVs) were determined. Growth rate decrease was observed in mice treated with Yil and Buta EOs (carvacrol chemotypes) than in those treated with the thymol chemotypes (Ofl, Ala, Tar, and Bal). The organ to body weight ratios of the control group were either significantly higher than or comparable to that of the treatment groups implying that the EOs had no any inflammatory effects on the organs. The % PCVs of mice treated with the EOs were either significantly higher than or comparable to the control mice. The median lethal dose (LD50) of each EO was between 2000 µL/kg to 5000 µL/kg body weight. The LD50 values of the dry weights of thyme were calculated based on their EO yields that were approximated to be around 278g /kg bw (Bal), 313g /kg bw (Yil, Tar, and Buta) and 500g /kg bw (Ofl and Ala). Since the aerial parts, not the EOs, of thyme are used in the form of tea and food additives (not their EOs), this value is so high that these plants are not toxic. However, cautions should be taken for vulnerable groups.

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Section: Observations Of Mice Dosed With Eos At 2000 µL/kg Body Weightmentioning

confidence: 87%

Acute oral toxicity study of Thymus serrulatus and Thymus schimperi from Ethiopia

Damtie¹,

Mekonnen²,

Eyado³

2017

Eth J Sci & Technol

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“…10 µl of thyme n-hexane extract was injected in Trace GC Ultra-ISQ mass spectrometer with a direct capillary column TG-5MS (30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 µm). Column temperature, 60°C (1 min) to 180°C at 3°C/min; injector temperature, 220°C; detector temperature, 220°C; split ratio, 1:10; carrier gas, helium; flow rate, 1.0 ml/min (Fachini-Queiroz et al, 2012). The mass spectra of the identified components were determined by comparison to the Wiley Registry of mass spectral database 8 th edition.…”

Section: Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry (Gc-ms) Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Dietary Thyme (Thymus Vulgaris) on Broiler Chickens Concerning Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Performance

Abdel-Ghaney¹,

El‐Far²,

Sadek³

et al. 2017

AJVS

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Key words:Broilers, Immunity, Antioxidant, Performance, ThymeThe current study aimed to determine the immune and antioxidant status, and performance of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with thyme (Thymus vulgaris) leaves powder, as an alternative growth promoter. Therefore, a total of 120 one-day-old Cobb chicks were fed for 35 days with four experimental diets containing thyme powder (0, 5, 10 and 15 g/kg: these were designated groups Control, Thyme I, Thyme II and Thyme III, respectively). The GC-MS analysis of n-hexane extract of thyme showed the presence of isocaryophyllene (33.73%) as a major active ingredient with other antioxidant ingredients. Serum total protein and globulin content was significantly increased in thyme-supplemented chicks at the 3 rd week and significantly increased in Thyme I and III at the 5 th week. Serum albumin and creatinine content and ALT activities were non-significantly increased in the thyme-supplemented chicks at the 3 rd and 5 th weeks. Moreover, serum total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were significantly decreased in the thyme groups at the 3 rd and 5 th weeks. Dietary thyme supplementation for broiler was significantly improved serum IgG, IgM, INF-γ, and IL-10 levels, and muscle glutathione content, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S-transferase with significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels. Regarding to growth performance, thyme 0.5% was non-significantly improved the final body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of broiler chicks. So, these data indicated that incorporation of thyme into the broiler's diet was improved the immune status and antioxidant activities in broilers. Also, production of broilers meat with low levels of lipid peroxidation products. Corresponden ce to: * doaavet792016

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“…It has been reported that Thymus vulgaris essential oil and carvacrol inhibit leukocyte migration in carrageenan-induced pleurisy. In ear edema, carvacrol reduced edema formation, exerting a topical antiinflammatory effect; however, thymol did not reduce edema formation but presented an irritative response, probably dependent on histamine and prostanoid release (30). It has been shown that galectin-3, expressed by all immune and inflammatory cell types (31), has a role in allergic inflammation (32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical investigation of galectin-3 in the skin of mice applied with Origanum hypericifolium essential oil and irradiated with ultraviolet B

İli¹,

Keskin²

2014

Turk J Med Sci

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Effects of Thymol and Carvacrol, Constituents ofThymus vulgarisL. Essential Oil, on the Inflammatory Response

Cited by 250 publications

References 39 publications

Acute oral toxicity study of <i>Thymus serrulatus</i> and <i>Thymus schimperi</i> from Ethiopia

Acute oral toxicity study of <i>Thymus serrulatus</i> and <i>Thymus schimperi</i> from Ethiopia

Impact of Dietary Thyme (Thymus Vulgaris) on Broiler Chickens Concerning Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Performance

Immunohistochemical investigation of galectin-3 in the skin of mice applied with Origanum hypericifolium essential oil and irradiated with ultraviolet B

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