Effects of Ti and Nb on the Grain Refinement and Mechanical Properties of AISI 4145 Steel

Seo, Sung-Youl; Lee, Seok-Jae

doi:10.1007/s12666-018-1405-x

Trans Indian Inst Met

2018

DOI: 10.1007/s12666-018-1405-x

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Effects of Ti and Nb on the Grain Refinement and Mechanical Properties of AISI 4145 Steel

Sung-Youl Seo¹,

Seok-Jae Lee

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2024

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Cited by 3 publications

References 31 publications

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Refinement of cast microstructure of A517 steel by addition of TiB2

Liang,

Liu,

Yang

et al. 2024

J. Iron Steel Res. Int.

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The effect of TiB2 addition on microstructure refinement of the as-cast and reheated A517 steel has been investigated. 0.1 wt.% TiB2 addition resulted in a reduction in equiaxed γ grain size from 990 ± 183 to 116 ± 35 μm and an increase in the volume fraction of equiaxed γ grain region from 5% to 67% in the as-cast A517 steel ingots. Microstructure analysis identified TiN particles rather than TiB2. This is attributed to the low thermodynamic stability of TiB2, leading to its decomposition into free Ti and B elements at an elevated temperature. Then, chemical reaction between the free Ti and residual nitrogen in the liquid resulted in the formation of TiN. Hence, it is considered that TiN acted as heterogeneous nucleation sites for the δ-ferrite. This initiated the refinement and columnar to equiaxed transition of δ-dendrites. As a result, the subsequently formed γ grains were correspondingly refined. Such microstructure refinement led to improvement of the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the as-cast A517 steel. However, the reheating of the as-cast A517 steel resulted in a marginal microstructure refinement in the samples with low TiB2 addition. This is attributed to the limited pinning effect of the coarse TiN particles formed during casting process. Consequently, the tensile properties of the reheated A517 steel remained unaffected by the TiB2 addition.

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Refinement of cast microstructure of A517 steel by addition of TiB2

Liang,

Liu,

Yang

et al. 2024

J. Iron Steel Res. Int.

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Grain refinement of Inconel 625 during wire-based directed energy deposition additive manufacturing by in-situ added TiB2 particles: Process development, microstructure evolution and mechanical characterization

Rodrigues,

Malfeito,

Farias

et al. 2024

Intermetallics

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Effect of isothermal transformation temperature on the microstructure, precipitation behavior, and mechanical properties of anti-seismic rebar

Zhang,

Gu,

Wang

et al. 2024

High Temperature Materials and Processes

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The synergy between Nb/Ti strengthening and precise isothermal transformation temperatures has resulted in the optimal microstructure and mechanical properties in Nb/Ti anti-seismic rebars. The microstructure, precipitates, and mechanical properties of experimental steels at different isothermal transformation temperatures were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and universal tensile testing machine. As the isothermal transformation temperature decreased from 700 to 600°C, the ferrite grain size, pearlite interlamellar spacing, and carbon diffusion coefficient of the experimental steel decreased to 6.69 μm, 0.17 μm, and 0.14 cm2·s−1, respectively, while the yield strength and tensile strength increased to 584 and 714 MPa, respectively. At 600°C, the pearlite transformation rate in the experimental steel was the fastest, accompanied by the most rapid precipitation kinetics. The precipitates were (Nb, Ti)C of approximately 50 nm in size, with a mismatch of 14.24% at the matrix/precipitate interface and a screw dislocation angle of 2.07°. The presence of screw dislocation steps may facilitate nucleation of Nb/Ti precipitates, forming semi-coherent interfaces.

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Effects of Ti and Nb on the Grain Refinement and Mechanical Properties of AISI 4145 Steel

Cited by 3 publications

References 31 publications

Refinement of cast microstructure of A517 steel by addition of TiB2

Refinement of cast microstructure of A517 steel by addition of TiB2

Grain refinement of Inconel 625 during wire-based directed energy deposition additive manufacturing by in-situ added TiB2 particles: Process development, microstructure evolution and mechanical characterization

Effect of isothermal transformation temperature on the microstructure, precipitation behavior, and mechanical properties of anti-seismic rebar

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