Background
Drug addiction is defined as a chronic disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and episodes of relapse despite prolonged periods of drug abstinence. Neurobiological adaptations, including transcriptional and epigenetic alterations in the nucleus accumbens, are thought to contribute to this life-long disease state. We previously demonstrated that transcription factor SMAD3 is increased following seven days of withdrawal from cocaine self-administration. However, it is still unknown which additional factors participate in the process of chromatin remodeling and facilitate the binding of SMAD3 to promoter regions of target genes. Here we examined the possible interaction of BRG1—also known as SMARCA4, an ATPase-containing chromatin remodeler—and SMAD3 in response to cocaine exposure.
Methods
The expression of BRG1, as well as its binding to SMAD3 and target gene promoter regions, was evaluated in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum of rats using Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques, respectively, following withdrawal from cocaine self-administration. Rats were assessed for cocaine-seeking behaviors following either intra-accumbal injections of the BRG1 inhibitor PFI3 or viral-mediated overexpression of BRG1.
Results
Following withdrawal from cocaine self-administration, BRG1 expression and complex formation with SMAD3 are increased in the nucleus accumbens, resulting in increased binding of BRG1 to the promoter regions of Ctnnb1, Mef2d, and Dbn1. Intra-accumbal infusion of PFI3 attenuated, while viral overexpression of Brg1 enhanced, cocaine-reinstatement behavior.
Conclusion
BRG1 is a key mediator of the SMAD3-dependent regulation of cellular and behavioral plasticity mediating cocaine seeking following a period of withdrawal.