Effects of training periodization on cardiac autonomic modulation and endogenous stress markers in volleyball players

Abstract

We investigated the effects of selective loads of periodization model (SLPM) on autonomic modulation of heart rate variability (HRV) and endogenous stress markers before and after a competition period in volleyball players (N=32). The experimental protocol for the evaluation of HRV consisted of using spectral analysis of time series composed of the R-R intervals derived from electrocardiogram obtained in the supine position and during the tilt test. Stress marker levels were determined by quantifying the plasma concentration of endogenous catecholamines, cortisol and free testosterone. The results showed no changes between the levels of HRV before and after a competition period. In contrast, the quantification of the plasma concentration of endogenous stress markers revealed reductions in the levels of total catecholamines, noradrenaline and cortisol. These changes were accompanied by increases in the concentration of free testosterone and in the testosterone/cortisol ratio. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the SLPM did not change the cardiac autonomic modulation of HRV, but promoted beneficial adaptations in athletes, including positive changes in the plasma concentration of the endogenous stress markers. The absence of changes in HRV indicates that there is no direct relationship between cardiac autonomic modulation and endogenous stress markers in the present study.

Sex differences in heart rate variability: a longitudinal study in international elite cross-country skiers

“…We suggest that this difference may be due to the shorter training history in the adolescent athletes of the Hedelin et al study where athletes were likely to increase HRV from year to year while this was absent in our athletes because they most probably had reached a saturation level. Controversial results with regard to HRV changes between different TPs were also found in other studies (Iellamo et al 2002;Manzi et al 2009;Mazon et al 2013;Oliveira et al 2013). We suggest that besides different study populations further reasons for the different findings may have been different training volume and intensity distribution, the different training periodization, the different training history and performance level, the sport mode itself or different measurement methods and study designs to assess HRV.…”

Leukocyte Populations are Associated with Heart Rate Variability After a Triathlon

“…Through measurement of HRV with a variable time domain, either in terms of training or competition (Bricou et al, 2010; Plews et al, 2013), we obtain information regarding the dominant stimulus; i.e., in appropriate adaptation to workloads parasympathetic activity dominates; conversely, in overall maladaptive situations, a predominance of sympathetic activity occurs (Bricout et al, 2010; Mazon et al, 2013; Plews et al, 2013). …”

Estudo das adaptações autonômicas, metabólicas e funcionais decorrentes da utilização do sistema de cargas seletivas durante um macrociclo de treinamento em atletas de basquetebol

“…Nesse sentido, diversos estudos têm relatado o acompanhamento de parâmetros hormonais, imunológicos, cardíacos e funcionais como forma de controle das adaptações internas desencadeadas pelo treinamento (Kiviniemi et al, 2006;Kiviniemi et al, 2007;Hartwig et al, 2009;Delextrat et al, 2012;Garatachea et al, 2012;Mazon et al, 2013;Chatzinikolaou et al, 2014).…”

“…Parecem não existir na literatura padrões consistentes sobre as adaptações hormonais e enzimáticas em situações de repouso, induzidas pelo treinamento físico. Em nosso estudo, foi observada uma redução dos valores de (Mazon et al, 2013).…”

“…al., 1995; Hug et. al., 2003;Mazon et al, 2013).Esta hipótese parece ganhar força com a manutenção, no decorrer do macrociclo, dos valores da razão testosterona livre/cortisol, um potente biomarcador endócrino do equilíbrio anabólico-catabólico utilizado como ferramenta para diagnóstico de overreaching (perda momentânea de performance) e overtrainig (estado de fadiga crônico) em atletas (Aldlercreutz et al, 1986; Urhausen et al, 1995; Hug et al, 2003).Na análise da correlação existente entre os parâmetros hormonais e enzimáticos e a magnitude da carga de treinamento, no momento P2, foi observada Quanto à avaliação da força, suas diferentes formas de manifestação parecem exercer influência sobre o desempenho atlético no basquetebol e tem sido alvo de estudos que buscam elucidar este assunto (McGuigan et al, 2013;Naclerio et al, 2013). O aprimoramento desta capacidade física pode contribuir para uma movimentação eficiente com e sem bola, desempenhando assim um papel importante no aspecto técnico-tático do jogo (Erčulj et al, 2010).…”