Effects of training time on serum immunoglobulin alterations and cortisol testosterone responses in male athlete students

Vaghar, M J Pour; Gaeini, A A; Vakili, Zarichehr; Ravasi, Ali Asghar; Kordi, Mohammad Reza; Vatani, D Sheykh Aleslami

doi:10.5604/20831862.907783

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (T/C) is considered to be a sign of the hemostatic balance between both anabolic and catabolic states in athletes; and this ratio plays a significant role as a prognostic biological marker for insufficient recovery and overtraining syndrome 59 ) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of four weeks aerobic training on saliva cortisol and testosterone in young healthy persons

2015

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks moderate aerobic exercise on outcome measures of saliva stress hormones and lactate levels in healthy adult volunteers. [Subjects and Methods] Sixteen healthy students with an age range of 15–25 years participated in this study. The participants performed an exercise test of moderate intensity for 4 weeks, three times per week. The exercise was treadmill walking. Saliva concentrations of cortisol, testosterone and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured before and after the 4 weeks of moderate aerobic training using immunoassay techniques. [Results] After 4 weeks of exercise, there were significant increases in cortisol, free testosterone levels, and LDH activity along with a significant decrease in the ratios between testosterone and cortisol levels. No significant correlations were found among the studied parameters in the resting stage, a result which supports the positive effect of exercise on stress hormones following 4 weeks of training. [Conclusion] The results suggest that four weeks exercise of moderate intensity significantly affects the salivary stress hormones of young healthy volunteers. The data support the importance of salivary stress hormones as potential biological markers especially for older ages. However, more research is required to validate these biological markers which determine the host response to physical activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of four weeks aerobic training on saliva cortisol and testosterone in young healthy persons

2015

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“…It has been confirmed that the salivary IgA level may depend on both the intensity and duration of training as well as the type of physical activity [ 31 , 43 , 59 ]. On the other hand, there were no changes in the concentration of IgG, IgA, and IgM in serum of young men participating in a 16-week continuous running training [ 57 ].…”

Section: The Effect Of Physical Activity On the Salivary Iga Concentrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Exercise on the Level of Immunoglobulin a in Saliva

Trochimiak¹,

Hϋbner-Woźniak²

2012

Biol Sport

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The aim of this paper is to describe the structure, production and function of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) as well as changes of its concentration caused by exercise of various intensity and duration. Immunoglobulin A is the main class of antibodies present in the body secreted fluids such as saliva, tears or mucus from the intestines. It is generally recognized that IgA, due to its dominance in the immune system of mucous membranes, is the first line of defence against harmful environmental factors. The secretion and composition of saliva depends on the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Physical activity, stimulating the autonomous nervous system, may reduce the amount of saliva and/or inhibit its secretion. The relationship between physical activity and the suppression of the immune system is not fully understood, but it is known that moderate intensity exercise can improve immune defences, while extreme effort can reduce them by creating an increased risk of upper respiratory tract inflammation (URTI). In athletes, the lowest risk of upper tract infection was connected with the case of moderate intensity exercise. It is now believed that the relationship between exercise volume and the risk of URTI has the shape of the letter “J”. This means that both too little and too much physical activity may increase the risk of upper respiratory tract infection. Training optimization and correct balance between exercise and rest periods may reduce the risk of adverse changes in the immune system and decrease the frequency of URTI.

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“…12 However, it is not in agreement with a study on the effects of training time on serum immunoglobulin in male athlete students, which showed that there were not any significant differences between the amounts of serum immunoglobulins of both groups in pre-test and post-test. 10 Generally in exercise immunology, an increase in immunoglobulin concentration has usually been interpreted to represent enhanced immunity, and a decrease is usually interpreted as immunosuppression. The alteration in the concentration of IgM, the first antibody (immunoglobulin) class produced in an immune response, as well as that of IgG, in both moderate and vigorous exercise groups, could be as a result of the antigen stimulation through greater-than-normal quantities of microorganisms especially airborne microbes entering the body through both increased ventilation rates or increased lungs ventilation and breakdown of natural mucosal immunity by drying of airway secretions, during the exercise.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 A study on the effects of training time on serum immunoglobulin alterations, cortisol, and testosterone responses in male athlete students, showed that there were not any significant differences between the amounts of serum immunoglobulins of both groups in pre-test and post-test. 10 Also, another study on the influence of ultra-endurance exercise on immunoglobulin isotypes and subclasses reported that the serum immunoglobulins were significantly altered after the race. 11 Moreover, a study on the influence of selected exercise on serum immunoglobulins A, M and G in semiendurance elite runners reported that long and intensive exercises weaken the immune system, while moderate and short drills strengthened this system.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of moderate and vigorous physical exercises on serum immunoglobulins G and M of healthy male individuals in Anambra State

Onuegbu

Usman

Meludu³

et al. 2015

Int J Clin Trials

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INTRODUCTIONPhysical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. It improves mental health and helps prevent depression. 1 Controversy exists on the specific form of exercise, as well as the intensity, duration, and training intervals of the specific form of exercise chosen as a Lifestyle intervention regimen. Moderate and vigorous exercises generally relate to aerobic forms of exercise. 2 The most effective way to participate in a well-rounded physical exercise program is by following a simple short acronym called FITT (Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type). The FITT principle includes how many times a week one should exercise (frequency), how intense the ABSTRACT Background: Alterations in immunoglobulin levels have been implicated in physical exercises, of varying intensity and frequency. This has been largely attributed to decline in physical exercise thus predisposing many to various chronic ailments. The objective of this study was to determine and compare results of the effect of moderate and vigorous exercises on Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) before exercise, two weeks after exercise and four weeks after exercise. Methods: Serum concentration of IgG and IgM of both vigorous exercise group (50 male individuals who played football for 2 hours daily for 5 days/week) and moderate exercise group (50 male individuals who played football for 30 minutes daily for 3 days/week) were determined using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. All data were expressed as Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) and analyzed with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while multiple comparisons were done using Post Hoc test. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for correlational analysis. Results: In the moderate exercise group, mean BMI was reduced while IgG was increased but not significantly at P<0.05 all through. Mean serum IgM was increased significantly at P<0.05 mostly 4 weeks after exercise as compared with the results before exercise. In the vigorous exercise group, mean BMI was decreased while mean serum IgG was increased but not significantly at P<0.05. Mean serum IgM was significantly increased all through at P<0.05. Conclusions: Vigorous physical exercise can substantially increase fitness, but, moderate physical exercise, when performed frequently and over an extended period, produces enhanced immune response.

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Effects of training time on serum immunoglobulin alterations and cortisol testosterone responses in male athlete students

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

The effects of four weeks aerobic training on saliva cortisol and testosterone in young healthy persons

The effects of four weeks aerobic training on saliva cortisol and testosterone in young healthy persons

Effect of Exercise on the Level of Immunoglobulin a in Saliva

Effect of moderate and vigorous physical exercises on serum immunoglobulins G and M of healthy male individuals in Anambra State

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