Effects of trial repetition, limb side, intraday and inter-week variation on vertical and craniocaudal ground reaction forces in clinically normal Labrador Retrievers

Nordquist, Barbro; Jh, Fischer; Kim, S. Y.; Stover, Susan M.; Garcia-Nolen, Tanya; Hayashi, Kei; Liu, J.; Kapatkin, Amy S.

doi:10.3415/vcot-11-01-0015

Cited by 31 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Alternative methods exist for calculating relative velocity, such as the percentage of withers height covered per second. GRF are susceptible to non-specific day-to-day variability of low magnitude (Nordquist et al, 2011). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Breed and conformation, velocity, trial repetition, and day-to-day change may influence GRF (Budsberg et al, 1987; Jevens et al, 1993; Riggs et al, 1993; McLaughlin and Roush, 1994; Nordquist et al, 2011). To minimize variance, GRF are normalized to bodyweight, and a narrow velocity range (±0.3 m/s) with controlled acceleration (±0.5 m/s 2 ) is typically used (Riggs et al, 1993; Budsberg et al, 1999; Bertram et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variance associated with the use of relative velocity for force platform gait analysis in a heterogeneous population of clinically normal dogs

Volstad

Nemke

Muir

2016

The Veterinary Journal

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Factors that contribute to variance in ground reaction forces (GRF) include dog morphology, velocity, and trial repetition. Narrow velocity ranges are recommended to minimize variance. In a heterogeneous population, it may be preferable to minimize data variance and efficiently perform force platform gait analysis by evaluation of each individual dog at its preferred velocity, such that dogs are studied at a similar relative velocity (V*). Data from 27 normal dogs were obtained including withers and shoulder height. Each dog was trotted across a force platform at its preferred velocity, with controlled acceleration (±0.5 m/s2). V* ranges were created for withers and shoulder height. Variance effects from 12 trotting velocity ranges and associated V* ranges were examined using repeated-measures analysis-of-covariance. Mean bodyweight was 24.4 ± 7.4 kg. Individual dog, velocity, and V* significantly influenced GRF (P < 0.001). Trial number significantly influenced thoracic limb peak vertical force (PVF) (P < 0.001). Limb effects were not significant. The magnitude of variance effects was greatest for the dog effect. Withers height V* was associated with small GRF variance. Narrow velocity ranges typically captured a smaller percentage of trials and were not consistently associated with lower variance. The withers height V* range of 0.6-1.05 captured the largest proportion of trials (95.9 ± 5.9%) with no significant effects on PVF and vertical impulse. Use of individual velocity ranges derived from a withers height V* range of 0.6-1.05 will account for population heterogeneity while minimizing exacerbation of lameness in clinical trials studying lame dogs by efficient capture of valid trials.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variance associated with the use of relative velocity for force platform gait analysis in a heterogeneous population of clinically normal dogs

Volstad

Nemke

Muir

2016

The Veterinary Journal

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“…An unequal distribution of trials amongst the population was more likely for ranges with low capture rates. GRF are also susceptible to non-specific day-to-day variability (Nordquist et al, 2011). Trials from all dogs were obtained in a single session.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Factors that contribute to GRF variability include: breed size and conformation, trial velocity, trial repetition, and day-to-day variation (Budsberg et al, 1987; Jevens et al, 1993; Riggs et al, 1993; McLaughlin and Roush, 1994; Nordquist et al, 2011). Current guidelines for minimizing variability are to normalize GRF to bodyweight, and to use a narrow velocity range (±0.3 m/s) with controlled acceleration (±0.5 m/s 2 ) (Riggs et al, 1993; Budsberg et al, 1999b; Bertram et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variance associated with subject velocity and trial repetition during force platform gait analysis in a heterogeneous population of clinically normal dogs

Hans

Zwarthoed

Seliski

et al. 2014

The Veterinary Journal

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Factors that contribute to variance in ground reaction forces (GRF) include: dog morphology, velocity, and trial repetition. Narrow velocity ranges are recommended to minimize variance. In a heterogeneous population of clinically normal dogs, we hypothesized that the dog subject effect would account for the majority of variance in peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI) at a trotting gait, and that narrow velocity ranges would be associated with less variance. Data from twenty normal dogs were obtained. Each dog was trotted across a force platform at its habitual velocity, with controlled acceleration (±0.5m/s2). Variance effects from twelve trotting velocity ranges were examined using repeated-measures analysis-of-covariance. Significance was set at P<0.05. Mean dog body weight was 28.4 ± 7.4 kg. Individual dog and velocity significantly affected PVF and VI for thoracic and pelvic limbs (P<0.001). Trial number significantly affected thoracic limb PVF (P<0.001). Limb (left or right) significantly affected thoracic limb VI (P=0.02). The magnitude of variance effects from largest to smallest was dog, velocity, trial repetition, and limb. Velocity ranges of 1.5–2.0 m/s, 1.8–2.2 m/s, and 1.9–2.2 m/s were associated with low variance and no significant effects on thoracic or pelvic limb PVF and VI. A combination of these ranges, 1.5–2.2 m/s, captured a large percentage of trials per dog (84.2±21.4%) with no significant effects on thoracic or pelvic limb PVF or VI. We conclude wider velocity ranges facilitate capture of valid trials with little to no effect on GRF in normal trotting dogs. This concept is important for clinical trial design.

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“…The gold standard to measure GRFs are single or multiple force plates embedded in stationary walkways [1, 2] or treadmills [3, 4]. An alternative to this motion analysis technique are pressure-sensitive walkways (PSWs) [5, 6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coefficients of variation of ground reaction force measurement in cats

2017

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Gait analysis has been extensively performed in dogs and horses; however, very little is known about feline biomechanics. It was, therefore, the aim of this study to determine the coefficient of variation (CV) among three ground reaction force (GRF) measurements taken for 15 client-owned European shorthaired cats without a training period and a short acclimatisation time. Gait was measured as each cat walked across a pressure-sensitive walkway, and measurements were made three times over a multi-week period (range: 2 to 17 weeks). The parameters evaluated were peak vertical force (PFz), vertical impulse (IFz), stance phase duration (SPD), step length (SL), paw contact area (PCA) and symmetry index (SI%) of the front and hind limbs. After averaging each of the values from the three measurements, the CV and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for all parameters. PFz showed the lowest CV (~ 3%), while IFz showed the highest CV (~11%) when normalised to body mass. When the GRFs were normalised to total force, the CV of PFz dropped to ~2% and that of IFz dropped to ~3%. The CV of SL and PCA were lower (~6% respectively ~5%) compared to the CV for SPD (~10%). The SI% for both PFz and IFz were comparable to the values reported in the gait analysis literature for dogs. Results of the current study indicate that gait analysis of cats using pressure-sensitive walkways produces reliable data and is a promising approach for evaluation of lameness. The results also suggest that PFz may be a more reliable parameter than IFz and that normalisation to percent of total force may aid in interpretation of the evaluated data.

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Effects of trial repetition, limb side, intraday and inter-week variation on vertical and craniocaudal ground reaction forces in clinically normal Labrador Retrievers

Cited by 31 publications

References 37 publications

Variance associated with the use of relative velocity for force platform gait analysis in a heterogeneous population of clinically normal dogs

Variance associated with the use of relative velocity for force platform gait analysis in a heterogeneous population of clinically normal dogs

Variance associated with subject velocity and trial repetition during force platform gait analysis in a heterogeneous population of clinically normal dogs

Coefficients of variation of ground reaction force measurement in cats

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