Effects of triarimol and tridemorph on sterol biosynthesis in<i>Saprolegnia ferax</i>

Berg, Linda R.; Patterson, Glenn W.; Lusby, William R.

doi:10.1007/bf02535784

Cited by 26 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Similar lanosterol accumulation was observed in S. ferax that had been treated with triarimol, a CYP51-inhibiting pyrimidine fungicide (36), and accumulation of eburicol was observed in fungi treated with azole antifungals (69)(70)(71). Malachite green-treated Saprolegnia had unaltered sterol profiles, indicating that the mode of action of malachite green was different from that of azole antifungals, with no inhibition of CYP51 function.…”

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confidence: 54%

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Clotrimazole as a Potent Agent for Treating the Oomycete Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica through Inhibition of Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51)

Warrilow

Hull

Rolley

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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A candidate CYP51 gene encoding sterol 14␣-demethylase from the fish oomycete pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica (SpCYP51) was identified based on conserved CYP51 residues among CYPs in the genome. It was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. Lanosterol, eburicol, and obtusifoliol bound to purified SpCYP51 with similar binding affinities (K s , 3 to 5 M). Eight pharmaceutical and six agricultural azole antifungal agents bound tightly to SpCYP51, with posaconazole displaying the highest apparent affinity (K d , <3 nM) and prothioconazole-desthio the lowest (K d , ϳ51 nM). The efficaciousness of azole antifungals as SpCYP51 inhibitors was confirmed by 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 s) of 0.17 to 2.27 M using CYP51 reconstitution assays. However, most azole antifungal agents were less effective at inhibiting S. parasitica, Saprolegnia diclina, and Saprolegnia ferax growth. Epoxiconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, and posaconazole failed to inhibit Saprolegnia growth (MIC 100 , >256 g ml ؊1 ). The remaining azoles inhibited Saprolegnia growth only at elevated concentrations (MIC 100 [the lowest antifungal concentration at which growth remained completely inhibited after 72 h at 20°C], 16 to 64 g ml ؊1 ) with the exception of clotrimazole, which was as potent as malachite green (MIC 100 , ϳ1 g ml ؊1 ). Sterol profiles of azole-treated Saprolegnia species confirmed that endogenous CYP51 enzymes were being inhibited with the accumulation of lanosterol in the sterol fraction. The effectiveness of clotrimazole against SpCYP51 activity (IC 50 , ϳ1 M) and the concentration inhibiting the growth of Saprolegnia species in vitro (MIC 100 , ϳ1 to 2 g ml ؊1 ) suggest that clotrimazole could be used against Saprolegnia infections, including as a preventative measure by pretreatment of fish eggs, and for freshwater-farmed fish as well as in leisure activities.

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confidence: 54%

“…However, the recent discovery of a sterol metabolism pathway in the oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches (a legume root pathogen) (35), including a CYP51 gene, led us to investigate whether such a pathway was also present in S. parasitica. Previous investigations into the sterol profile of Saprolegnia were limited to S. ferax (36,37).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clotrimazole as a Potent Agent for Treating the Oomycete Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica through Inhibition of Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51)

Warrilow

Hull

Rolley

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…One would expect, if this were the case, that the relative amount of lanosterol would decrease in the presence of these inhibitors, with little or no effect on the absolute amount of cycloartenol and 24-methylenecycloartenol. This same strategy was attempted by Berg in an examination of sterol biosynthesis in Saprolegnja ferax [21). Depending on the biological controls, the total amount of these cyclopropyl sterols could be increased in the presence of the inhibitors.…”

Section: Cycloartenol Is Further Metabolized In Plants Tomentioning

confidence: 98%

“…There are reports of a wide variety of pentacyclic triterpenols of the B':A'-Neogammacerane (hopane) (12) and A'-Neogammacerane (13) families [18][19][20][21]. To determine the exact identity of E would have required a fair amount of effort: it constitutes only about one percent of the triterpenol mixture from latex and can only be separated from the others by HPLC.…”

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confidence: 99%

Triterpenoid biosynthesis in Euphorbia lathyris latex

Hawkins¹

1987

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“…Amphotericin B binds lowing scenario is proposed. Saprolegnia zoospores ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, causlng a rapld become embedded in catfish mucus, encyst, and are leakage of potassium which inhibits a variety of meta- dCatfish were subjected to a drop In water temperature and exposed to Saprolegnia (CF1) zoospores hCatfish were subjected to drop in water temperature but not exposed to Saprolegnia ( bolic processes (Tilton & McGinnis 1987); the Saprolegnia also have sterols in the cell membrane (Berg et al 1983). Although the use of amphotericin B with catfish is not foreseen, agents with similar actions should be investigated for their potential in the treatment of this disease.…”

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confidence: 99%

Therapeutic and prophylactic measures for winter saprolegniosis in channel catfish

Bly¹,

Quiniou²,

Lawson³

et al. 1996

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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LVlnter s a p r o l e g n~o s~s In channel c a t f~s h Ictalurus punctatus is associated with low temperature (-12°C) Induced ~mmunosuppress~on and ~nvaslon by a ubiqu~tous opportunistic water mold, Identified as a S a p~o l e g n~a sp In t h~s study attempts were made to identify antiinicrob~als/chemlcals w h~c h may (1) be effect~ve for the therapeut~c treatment of xvlnter saprolegniosis and (2) prophylact~cally control water concentrations of Saprolegn~a and hence prevent the onset of dlsease under laboratory challenge c o n d~t~o n sThe antlmicrobials used were amphotencln B and the cecroplns A. B, and P1 While amphotericln B halted Saplolegn~a growth, the cecroplns were lneffect~ve The chemlcals and he] b~cides approved for use by the U S Food and Drug A d m l n~s t r a t~o n and considered In t h~s study for the prevention of Saproleyn~a zoospore ploduction or cyst germination were used at concentrations less than or equal to those recommended for use In commercial catflsh ponds for other purposes Compared wlth malachite green ( a positlve control only) sodium chloride and potasslum permanganate were ~n e f f e c t~v e , w h~l e copper sulphate and formalln l n h~b~t e d both zoospore production and cyst geimlnation Hoivever, at the lowest lnh~bltory dosage, copper sulphate was t o x~c to catflsh challenged under laboratory c o n d~t~o n s , this was l~k e l y d u e to the low alkalin~ty of our tank water when compared to that of catflsh ponds Several herbicides were tested ~ncludlng diquat simazlne hydrothol 191 and aquathol K Only dlquat had an inhibitory effect on Saprolegn~a growth In subsequent laboratory challenge expenments both formalln and diquat w e l e efficac~ous In preventing the onset of winter saprolegn~osis In channel catf~sh K E Y WORDS: Channel catflsh . Saprolegn~osis . Temperature .

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Effects of triarimol and tridemorph on sterol biosynthesis inSaprolegnia ferax

Cited by 26 publications

References 33 publications

Clotrimazole as a Potent Agent for Treating the Oomycete Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica through Inhibition of Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51)

Clotrimazole as a Potent Agent for Treating the Oomycete Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica through Inhibition of Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51)

Triterpenoid biosynthesis in Euphorbia lathyris latex

Therapeutic and prophylactic measures for winter saprolegniosis in channel catfish

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