Effects of two commercial feeds for semi-intensive and hyper-intensive culture and four C/N ratios on water quality and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles at high density in biofloc-based, zero-exchange outdoor tanks

Xu, Wujie; Morris, Timothy C.; Samocha, Tzachi M.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.02.028

Cited by 46 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Some significant differences were observed in the production response of shrimp among treatments and the control, except for survival which was over 93% in all the studied groups. Similar high survivals were reported by Xu et al (2018) during the intensive and hyper-intensive farming of Penaeus (=Litopenaeus) vannamei in a biofloc system. The final weight and the SGR were significantly higher in the treatment OB when compared to the control, while de FCR was the inverse, higher in the control than in OB.…”

Section: Treatmentsupporting

confidence: 84%

Effect of adding vegetable substrates on Penaeus vannamei pre grown in biofloc system on shrimp performance, water quality and biofloc composition

Peiro-Alcantar

Rivas-Vega

Martínez‐Porchas³

et al. 2019

LAJAR

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The effect of adding vegetable substrates: wheat bran (WB), oat bran (OB) and amaranth seeds (AS) on water quality, biofloc composition and production response of Penaeus vannamei intensively pregrown, was evaluated during five weeks. Water quality parameters (temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen) were monitored twice a day; nitrogenous compounds (TAN, NO2-N, NO3-N) and the total suspended solids (TSS), were recorded weekly. Weight gain and survival of juveniles were monitored each week. Chemical proximate composition of biofloc and content of heterotrophic bacteria were recorded at the end of the trial. No significant differences were observed for any of the water quality parameters or nitrogenous compounds. The TSS was higher in treatments with substrates compared to the control. The treatment WB showed the highest content of heterotrophic bacteria. Organic matter in the bioflocs ranged from 58.3 to 62.4%, proteins from 33.4 to 37.6%, lipids from 0.4 to 0.5% and carbohydrates from 17.1 to 25.5%, without significant differences in any of them among treatments. The mean final weight varied from 1.10 to 1.38 g, and specific growth rate from 5.83 to 6.43% d-1 , with the highest values in treatment OB. Final survival ranged from 93.7 to 98.8% without significant differences among treatments and the control. The feed conversion ratio varied from 0.92 to 1.20 with the lowest value in OB compared to the control. The results suggest that supplementation of substrates does not have a negative effect on water quality, but have positive effects on the productive response of shrimp during their pre-grown, being oat bran the most adequate.

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Section: Treatmentsupporting

confidence: 84%

Effect of adding vegetable substrates on Penaeus vannamei pre grown in biofloc system on shrimp performance, water quality and biofloc composition

Peiro-Alcantar

Rivas-Vega

Martínez‐Porchas³

et al. 2019

LAJAR

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“…The big standard deviations for the TSS can be ascribed to the continuous increase of biomass. The BFV and TSS in treatments C/N 15, C/N 20 and C/N 25 were higher than that in treatment C/N 10, which confirmed the study of Xu [9]. However, for the SVI, there was no significant difference among the four treatment groups (p > 0.05).…”

Section: Tan Removal Tracking Test Analysissupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Since bioflocs mainly relies on heterotrophic microbes to perform functions, the faster growth rate and higher microbial biomass yield per unit substrate of heterotrophs than that of nitrifying bacteria means that the fixation of ammonium by heterotrophic bacteria occurs much more fleetly [8]. Therefore, the carbon to nitrogen ratio determines the growth and reproduction of heterotrophic microorganisms in bioflocs [9]. The bacterial protein produced by ammonia nitrogen assimilation showed an adequate protein, lipid, carbohydrate and ash content as a quality aquaculture feed [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio on Water Quality and Community Structure Evolution in Suspended Growth Bioreactors through Biofloc Technology

Gou

Hong

Deng

et al. 2019

Water

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Application of biofloc technology could effectively treat wastewater. However, the effect of influent carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) on water quality and microbial community structure evolution in suspended growth bioreactors (SGBRs) through biofloc technology is still unclear. Here, we show that the total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite nitrogen in the effluent of the C/N 10 treatment was significantly higher than that in the C/N 15, C/N 20 and C/N 25 treatments (p < 0.05). Higher TAN removal efficiency was obtained in treatments of C/N 15, C/N 20 and C/N 25, and there was no accumulation of nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. Increasing the C/N ratio strengthened the elimination ability of total phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The concentrations of TAN and COD first dropped to the lowest level and then increased slightly within one cycle in all treatments. The accumulation of biomass in the reactors increased with the increasing C/N ratio, indicating that a higher C/N ratio was conducive to microbial proliferation. The 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the microbial community diversity in SGBRs was significantly higher than that in the natural wastewater (P0). The predominant phylum were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia, but Saccharibacteria occupied a dominant position in the late period of the experiment. Pathogens, such as Aeromonas, Acidovorax, Flavobacterium, and Malikia were significantly decreased after high C/N ratio simulative wastewater treating natural wastewater in the reactors. In summary, the water quality and biomass concentrations in SGBRs can be improved under the conditions of influent C/N ratio, equal to or greater than 15.

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“…The striking thing here was that the effect of diet on the pelagic food web was different. In previous studies on pond food web enhancement by adding external carbon besides the diet prioritized the role of the bacterial and the benthic communities (Asaduzzaman et al, 2010b(Asaduzzaman et al, , 2010a(Asaduzzaman et al, , 2008Avnimelech, 1999;Xu et al, 2018). The influence of lowering the dietary P:E ratio on both the pelagic and benthic food web in this study is probably due to making more carbon available for microbes to utilize available N in the pond.…”

Section: Contribution Of Food Web To Fish Growth In a Pondmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…In pond studies, the P:E ratio was adjusted by application of carbohydrate directly into pond and not via the formulated diet (Asaduzzaman et al, 2010b(Asaduzzaman et al, , 2008Dauda et al, 2018;Hari et al, 2006Hari et al, , 2004Kidd et al, 2011;Xu et al, 2018). In this approach feeding and carbohydrate addition are often not synchronized, for instance when feeding 3 times per day, while applying the carbohydrate once in the morning (Asaduzzaman et al, 2010a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding fish or pond . . .?

Kabir¹

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Globally pond aquaculture is the predominant fish/shrimp farming system. Roughly 70% of the farmed fish and shrimps are produced in semi-intensive ponds where feed is a major nutrient supplier but where also natural food contributes to the productivity. Current knowledge on fish nutrition is based on studies where natural food is absent or available at a minimum level. When a complete feed, formulated on the basis of the above nutritional studies, is applied as supplementary feed in a pond where also natural food is available, much of the nutrients are not retained in the fish and the efficiency goes down. The aim of this research was to generate knowledge on how dietary macro-nutrients (with a focus on dietary carbohydrates) determine fish growth directly and indirectly (via natural food) in ponds. In a pond, the carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio in the system determines the productivity of natural food. The hypothesis underlying the current PhD research was that lowering the scarce and expensive macronutrients (e.g. protein and fat) in the feed would be compensated by an increased contribution of natural food as a result of a higher C:N input into the system, and thus not leading to lower fish yields. We conducted four experiments to test this hypothesis and have observed that lowering the dietary protein to energy ratio in the feed increased fish production at the pond level, mainly because of an indirect effect of the diet by enhancing the natural food in the pond. The type of non-protein dietary energy (lipid or carbohydrate) did not affect fish performance, not directly as feed nor indirectly via influencing the natural food web of the pond. However, the type of dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) influenced natural food production and ultimately fish growth. Fish performance was better with slowly degradable NSPs in the feed. In all our studies we have noticed that feeding level increased fish production but also increased FCR. We have also observed that fish production increased with increasing stocking density (within the tested levels). Culture intensity (feeding level and stocking density) did not interact with the influence of the dietary macro-nutrient composition (i.e. P:E ratio) on pond productivity which means that enhancement of the natural food web through diets is possible even with increasing culture intensity. So, in ponds with a functional natural food web, the optimal macronutrient composition of supplementary feeds for tilapia differs from the optimal composition as recommended by NRC (1993, 2011) for tilapia. This may be related to the fact that the NRC recommendations were developed without the presence of natural food, and that the effect of the latter may be related to a possible enhancement of its production due to the extra nutrient input in the ecosystem via the waste of the fish (fertilizing effect). However, when monitoring the food web in the ponds, we have barely noticed differences among the treatments. This calls for improved methods to quantify the contribution of natural f...

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Effects of two commercial feeds for semi-intensive and hyper-intensive culture and four C/N ratios on water quality and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles at high density in biofloc-based, zero-exchange outdoor tanks

Cited by 46 publications

References 27 publications

Effect of adding vegetable substrates on Penaeus vannamei pre grown in biofloc system on shrimp performance, water quality and biofloc composition

Effect of adding vegetable substrates on Penaeus vannamei pre grown in biofloc system on shrimp performance, water quality and biofloc composition

Effect of Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio on Water Quality and Community Structure Evolution in Suspended Growth Bioreactors through Biofloc Technology

Feeding fish or pond . . .?

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