Effects of two species of cerambycid beetles, tribe Lamiini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), on the phoretic stage formation of two species of nematodes, genus Bursaphelenchus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)

Potential vector switching in the evolution of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus group nematodes (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)

“…J III of B. xylophilus molt into J IV in response to long-chain C16 and C18 fatty acid ethyl esters that are secreted from the body surface of M. alternatus specifically during adult eclosion (Zhao et al, 2013(Zhao et al, , 2014. J IV of B. conicaudatus and PA of B. luxuriosae are also induced by their vectors, P. hilaris and A. luxuriosa, respectively (Maehara et al, 2013). Moreover, J IV of B. xylophilus is induced not only by its vector M. alternatus but also by nonvector P. hilaris that inhabits not conifers but broad-leaved trees, although the numbers and the percentages of J IV are higher in the former species (Maehara & Futai, 2001).…”

“…and Zucc. logs cut about 1 week prior, fresh hand‐rolled leaves of A. elata (Akutsu, 1985), and fresh hand‐rolled leaves of Morus bombycis Koidzumi (Maehara et al., 2013), respectively. Eggs of M. alternatus were harvested from the logs by a chisel, and those of A. luxuriosa and P. hilaris were collected by opening the hand‐rolled leaves.…”

“…Diet for M. alternatus was composed of 8 g of the current and 1‐year‐old needles of P. densiflora dried at 90°C for 1 day and milled into powder, 26.8 g of artificial silkworm diet (Silkmate 2M powder, Nosan Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan), 3.2 g of dried yeast (EBIOS, Asahi Group Foods, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and 62 ml of distilled water. For A. luxuriosa (Maehara et al., 2013), diet consisted of 8 g of leaves of A. elata dried at 70°C for 1 day and milled into powder, 26.8 g of Silkmate 2M powder, 3.2 g of dried yeast, and 62 ml of distilled water. For P. hilaris (Maehara & Kanzaki, 2016), diet contained 8 g of leaves of M. bombycis dried at 70°C for 1 day and milled into powder, 26.8 g of Silkmate 2M powder, 3.2 g of dried yeast, and 62 ml of distilled water.…”

“…Phoretic stages of B. mucronatus (Mamiya & Enda, 1979), B. conicaudatus (Kanzaki & Futai, 2001), and B. firmae (Kanzaki et al., 2012) are also J IV . Phoretic stages of B. luxuriosae (Ekino et al., 2017; Kanzaki et al., 2009) and B. acaloleptae (Kanzaki et al., 2020) are the phoretic adults (PA) and B. doui (Kanzaki et al., 2013) both J IV and PA. J IV of B. conicaudatus and PA of B. luxuriosae are also induced by their vector beetles (Maehara et al., 2013). Moreover, J IV of B. xylophilus is induced not only by its primary vector M. alternatus Hope but also by nonvector P. hilaris , although the numbers and the percentages of J IV are markedly higher in the former than in the latter (Maehara & Futai, 2001).…”

“…We used a simple nematode-loading method to cerambycid beetles (Maehara & Kanzaki, 2016), which could be used to examine the affinity of nematodes for not only their vectors but also nonvectors, and produced 20 binary combinations of five B. xylophilus group species and four cerambycid beetle species in the tribe Lamiini. These nematode/ beetle combinations were examined for the effects of the vector and nonvector beetles on the formation of the nematode phoretic stages, that is, J IV and PA. (Akutsu, 1985), and fresh hand-rolled leaves of Morus bombycis Koidzumi (Maehara et al, 2013), respectively.…”