Effects of Urea Level and Sodium DL-malate in Concentrate Containing High Cassava Chip on Ruminal Fermentation Efficiency, Microbial Protein Synthesis in Lactating Dairy Cows Raised under Tropical Condition

Abstract

Four, lactating dairy cows were randomly assigned according to a 2×2 Factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design to study supplementation of urea level (U) at 2 and 4% and sodium dl-malate (M) at 10 and 20 g/hd/d in concentrate. The treatments were as follows U2M10, U2M20, U4M10 and U4M20, respectively. The cows were offered the treatment concentrate at a ratio to milk yield at 1:2.5 and urea-treated rice straw was fed ad libitum. The results have revealed that rumen fermentation and blood metabolites were similar for all treatments. The populations of protozoa and fungal zoospores were significantly different as affected by urea level and sodium dl-malate. In addition, the viable bacteria were similar for amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria. Cellulolytic bacteria were significantly affected by level of sodium dl-malate especially Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii while Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens was significantly affected by level of urea supplementation. In conclusion, the combined use of concentrate containing high level of cassava chip at 75% DM with urea at 4% in concentrate and sodium dl-malate at 20 g/hd/d with UTS as a roughage could improv rumen ecology and microbial protein synthesis efficiency in lactating dairy cows.

Effect of carbohydrate sources and cotton seed meal in the concentrate: II. Feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in beef cattle

“…Some of the vegetable oil industries including coconut oil and palm oil, produce millions of tons of by-products a year, so these products could be local feedstuffs available for ruminant diets. Those local feeds have been used in several ruminant studies (Khampa et al 2006;Wora-anu et al 2007;Wanapat et al 2009a). Furthermore, cottonseed meal, an important rumen undegradable protein source (49 g/kg DM; Shibanda et al 1992), could be beneficial for improvement of animal performance.…”

Feeding tropical dairy cattle with local protein and energy sources for sustainable production

“…Some of the vegetable oil industries, including coconut oil and palm oil, produce millions of tonnes of by-products a year; these products could be local feedstuffs available for ruminant diets. These local feeds have been used in several ruminant studies (Khampa et al 2006;Wora-anu et al 2007;Wanapat et al 2009). …”

Nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation characteristic in swamp buffaloes fed on chemically treated rice straw and urea

“…The lower number of protozoal count per milliliter was found as level of urea in concentrate mixture increased as reported by Khampa et al (2005). The reduced of protozoal population could be the inability of using non-nitrogen compounds by protozoa (Briggs 1967).…”