Effects of Various Warm-Up Procedures on 100-Yard Times of Competitive Swimmers

Vries, Herbert A. De

doi:10.1080/10671188.1959.10613002

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…There has been a great deal of research on warmups and their ability to enhance performance in the vertical jump (2,3,11,12,21,26,30,33,37). In 2005, Burkett et al (7) showed that the most beneficial type of warm-up before vertical jump is performing a weighted resistance-specific warm-up.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Positive Effects of Augmented Verbal Feedback on Power Production in NCAA Division I Collegiate Athletes

Staub¹,

Kraemer²,

Pandit³

et al. 2013

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The purpose of this study was to determine how augmented verbal feedback, specifically knowledge of performance during a countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ) protocol, would affect acute power output. Each subject (N = 14 [9 men and 5 women], 21.4 ± 0.8 years, 179.6 ± 6.1 cm, 87.5 ± 14.8 kg) completed the CMVJ protocol twice in a balanced randomized order, one trial with feedback and one without feedback. At least 48 hours were allowed between sessions for resting. Student-athletes were used because of their trained state and their familiarity with plyometrics and receiving and processing feedback during training. Each testing session began with a 10-minute warm-up consisting of a combination of dynamic stretching and submaximal jumps (no proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation or static stretching). After completion of the warm-up, the subjects then began the CMVJ protocol. The CMVJ protocol consisted of 3 sets of 5 jumps on a calibrated force plate set to read at 200 Hz (Accupower). Subjects were instructed at the start of the protocol to give maximal effort on each jump. The standard set and repetition scheme for this protocol was 3 sets of 5 maximal repetitions with 3 minutes rest between sets. This was used to mimic the practice of training for maximal power. Before each jump, the subject was told the jump number and given a verbal start cue before the jump's initiation. The verbal performance feedback given consisted of the full kinetic numerical value of the peak power output in watts of the last completed jump. Significance in this study was set at p ≤ 0.05. There was a significant difference between mean power outputs (4,335 ± 366 W to 4,108 ± 345 W, p = 0.003) and the peak power outputs (4,567 ± 381 W to 4,319 ± 371 W, p = 0.018) when comparing feedback to no feedback, respectively. There was a significant difference in peak power output between the feedback and no feedback trials during set 2 (mean difference 361 ± 161 W, p = 0.043) and set 3 (mean difference 283 ± 109 W, p = 0.022). Also, there was a significant difference in mean power output between feedback and no feedback trials during set 2 (mean difference 240 ± 66 W, p = 0.003) and set 3 (mean difference 299 ± 93 W, p = 0.007). When training for maximal power in a plyometric training protocol, verbal feedback can be used as both a simple and effective aid in producing optimal power outputs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Positive Effects of Augmented Verbal Feedback on Power Production in NCAA Division I Collegiate Athletes

Staub¹,

Kraemer²,

Pandit³

et al. 2013

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…The idea that a substantial warm-up might negate any influence of diurnal variation is perhaps of greatest interest to applied sports scientists (Atkinson et al, 2005). While most studies have reported that an increase in muscle temperature following active warm-up has the potential to improve short-term performance (de Vries, 1959;Dolan et al, 1985;Thompson, 1958), a few studies have reported either no significant effect (Hawley et al, 1989;Pyke, 1968) or impaired performance (Margaria et al, 1971;Sargeant & Dolan, 1987) following active warm-up. In the studies reporting a significant decrease in short-term performance following warm-up, it appears that the warm-up was either too intense and/or there was insufficient recovery between the active warm-up and subsequent task (Bishop, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diurnal Variation in Wingate Test Performances: Influence of Active Warm-Up

Souissi

Driss

Chamari

et al. 2010

Chronobiology International

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of active warm-up duration on the diurnal fluctuations in anaerobic performances. Twelve physical education students performed a medical stress test ( progressive test up to exhaustion) and four Wingate tests (measurement of peak power [P peak ], mean power [P mean ], and fatigue index during an all-out 30 s cycling exercise). The tests were performed in separate sessions (minimum interval = 36 h) in a balanced and randomized design at 08:00 and 18:00 h, either after a 5 min (5-AWU) or a 15 min active warm-up (15-AWU). AWU consisted of pedaling at 50% of the power output at the last stage of the stress exhausting test. Rectal temperature was collected throughout the sessions. A two-way ANOVA (warm-up × time of day) revealed a significant interaction for P peak (F (1.11) = 6.48, p < 0.05) and P mean (F (1.11) = 5.84, p < 0.05): the time-of-day effect was significant ( p < 0.001) in contrast with the effect of warm-up duration ( p > 0.05). P peak and P mean improved significantly from morning to afternoon after both 5-AWU and 15-AWU, but the effect of warm-up duration was significant in the morning only. Indeed, the values of P peak or P mean were the same after both warmup protocols in the afternoon. For rectal temperature, there was no interaction between time-of-day and warm-up duration. Rectal temperature before and after both the warm-up protocols was higher in the afternoon, and the effect of warm-up duration on temperature was similar at 08:00 and 18:00 h. In conclusion, the interpretation of the results of the anaerobic performance tests should take into account time-of-day and warm-up procedures. Longer warm-up protocols are

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“…The first studies suggested that warm-up allowed the swimmers to go 1 % faster for short distances (up to 91 m) [23,35]. This positive influence was later confirmed for long distances, with a higher stroke length (*0.07 m) observed in the final meters of 368.5 m [36] and lower lactate concentrations (*2 mmol/L) after 200 m of intense swimming [30].…”

Section: Literature Searchmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…With lower physical preparedness, a shorter volume is required to activate the body to the main task. A slightly longer warm-up, as required in the study by De Vries [35], allowed verification of the improvements in swimming performance of competitive swimmers (457 m).…”

Section: In-water Warm-up: the Effect Of Volumementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Three studies have shown that the use of calisthenics exercises does not influence swimming performance compared with the no warm-up condition [23,35,41]. Although there were no statistically significant differences, the results of Romney and Nethery [41] showed that swimmers were 0.65 s faster in the 91.4 m freestyle with dry-land warm-up than without warm-up.…”

Section: Dry-land Warm-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Warm-Up and Performance in Competitive Swimming

et al. 2013

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Warm-up before physical activity is commonly accepted to be fundamental, and any priming practices are usually thought to optimize performance. However, specifically in swimming, studies on the effects of warm-up are scarce, which may be due to the swimming pool environment, which has a high temperature and humidity, and to the complexity of warm-up procedures. The purpose of this study is to review and summarize the different studies on how warming up affects swimming performance, and to develop recommendations for improving the efficiency of warm-up before competition. Most of the main proposed effects of warm-up, such as elevated core and muscular temperatures, increased blood flow and oxygen delivery to muscle cells and higher efficiency of muscle contractions, support the hypothesis that warm-up enhances performance. However, while many researchers have reported improvements in performance after warm-up, others have found no benefits to warm-up. This lack of consensus emphasizes the need to evaluate the real effects of warm-up and optimize its design. Little is known about the effectiveness of warm-up in competitive swimming, and the variety of warm-up methods and swimming events studied makes it difficult to compare the published conclusions about the role of warm-up in swimming. Recent findings have shown that warm-up has a positive effect on the swimmer's performance, especially for distances greater than 200 m. We recommend that swimmers warm-up for a relatively moderate distance (between 1,000 and 1,500 m) with a proper intensity (a brief approach to race pace velocity) and recovery time sufficient to prevent the early onset of fatigue and to allow the restoration of energy reserves (8-20 min).

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Effects of Various Warm-Up Procedures on 100-Yard Times of Competitive Swimmers

Cited by 14 publications

References 3 publications

Positive Effects of Augmented Verbal Feedback on Power Production in NCAA Division I Collegiate Athletes

Positive Effects of Augmented Verbal Feedback on Power Production in NCAA Division I Collegiate Athletes

Diurnal Variation in Wingate Test Performances: Influence of Active Warm-Up

Warm-Up and Performance in Competitive Swimming

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