“…Tese troops inhabit Satoyama, a Japanese traditional socioecological landscape including paddy felds, secondary forests, plantations, and grasslands. Japanese macaques inhabiting Satoyama generally have home ranges of one to tens of square kilometers in size [17][18][19][20]. In each troop, location data were collected from one adult female with a GPS data-logging collar (Tellus 1C light, Followit, Lindesberg, Sweden; GLT-02, Circuit Design, Nagano, Japan) because adult females are unlikely to leave their troops [20].…”