Effects of Virtual Reality Exercises versus Isokinetic Exercises in comparison with Conventional Exercises on the Imaging Findings and Inflammatory Biomarker Changes in Soccer Players with Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Nambi, Gopal; Alghadier, Mshari; Kashoo, Faizan Zaffar; Aldhafian, Osama R; Nwihadh, Naif A; Saleh, Ayman K; Omar, Mohamed A; Hassan, Tamer; Ibrahim, Mohamed Nagah Ahmed; Behairy, Hassan Fathy El; Attallah, Abdehamid A; Ismail, Mohammed Abdelgwad

doi:10.3390/ijerph20010524

Cited by 10 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The duration of a single VR session ranged from 2 to 40 minutes, and the frequency of treatment ranged from 5 to 7 times a week; all the included studies ranged in duration from a single exercise session to 8 weeks. For the control groups, 5 (31%) studies performed conventional balance function training [ 33 , 34 , 38 - 40 ], 5 (31%) performed conventional physical therapy [ 36 , 37 , 41 , 46 , 47 ], 2 (13%) performed core training [ 43 , 44 ], and the remaining conducted treatments, including sham VR [ 32 ], conventional multimodal pain therapy [ 42 ], waiting lists [ 45 ], and standard care [ 35 ]. The intervention details are summarized in Table 2 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patients with CSP develop a systemic inflammatory response and have elevated levels of inflammatory markers in the blood [ 51 ]. Two studies (62 patients) focused on the levels of inflammatory markers (eg, CRP, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6) by collecting 10 mL of venous blood [ 38 , 39 ]. The results showed that VR therapy significantly improved the level of CRP (WMD=–0.89, 95% CI –1.07 to –0.70, P <.001, I 2 =0%), TNF-α (WMD=–6.60, 95% CI –8.56 to –4.64, P <.001, I 2 =98%), and IL-6 (WMD=–2.76, 95% CI 2.98 to –2.53, P <.001, I 2 =0%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the high heterogeneity of the primary outcome and the results of the subsequent subgroup analyses suggest that the region of CSP, VR type, and treatment duration may play a role in the heterogeneity, the results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that these differences are more likely to be caused by 6 studies [ 33 - 35 , 37 , 38 , 40 ], which included participants of different ages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Virtual Reality Therapy for the Management of Chronic Spinal Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Zhang,

Li,

Zhou

et al. 2024

JMIR Serious Games

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Background The effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) therapy in adults with chronic spinal pain (CSP) is unclear. Objective This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of VR therapy and other therapies in adults with CSP, especially patients with inflammation-related pain. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, and CINAHL databases were searched up to November 11, 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing adults with CSP receiving VR therapy with those receiving other therapies were included. The trial registration platform as well as the reference lists of included studies and previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses were manually searched. Two independent reviewers performed study selection, data extraction, risk-of-bias assessment, and evaluation of the quality of the evidence. The weighted mean difference (WMD) was used as the effect size used to synthesize the outcome measure. Results In total, 16 RCTs involving 800 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled data from 15 (94%) RCTs including 776 (97%) participants showed that VR therapy was superior in improving pain intensity (WMD=–1.63, 95% CI –2.11 to –1.16, P<.001, I2=90%) and reducing inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (WMD=–0.89, 95% CI –1.07 to –0.70, P<.001, I2=0%), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (WMD=–6.60, 95% CI –8.56 to –4.64, P<.001, I2=98%), and interleukin-6 (WMD=–2.76, 95% CI –2.98 to –2.53, P<.001, I2=0%). However, no significant differences were found in terms of the spinal range of motion (ROM), disability level, or fear of movement. In addition, 10 (63%) of the included RCTs had a high risk of bias. Conclusions VR therapy may be an effective and safe intervention for reducing symptoms in patients with CSP, as it is shown to exert significant analgesic effects and beneficial improvements in inflammatory factor levels. However, this approach may not have significant effects on the spinal ROM, disability level, or fear of movement. Notably, the quality of the evidence from the RCTs included in this study ranged from moderate to low. Therefore, we recommend that readers interpret the results of this study with caution. Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD42022382331; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=382331

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Virtual Reality Therapy for the Management of Chronic Spinal Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Zhang,

Li,

Zhou

et al. 2024

JMIR Serious Games

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“…Subjects with an odd number were therefore assigned to the standard group in the order in which they arrived, while subjects with an even number were assigned to the isokinetic group in the order in which they arrived. In estimating the appropriate sample size for the study, we were guided by the sample size of similar studies, which was 20 subjects per group (22,23) (see the study limitation of our research).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of isokinetic exercise and standard exercise protocol in patients with spondyloarthropathies

Petrc,

Brentin,

Vučković

et al. 2024

JHSCI

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Introduction: Spondyloarthropathy is a group of different chronic rheumatic diseases. There are a number of physiotherapy interventions that all aim to support the trunk flexors and extensors, relieve pain, and mobilize the joints. The aim of this study is to compare isokinetic exercises (IE) with a standard exercise protocol in patients with spondyloarthropathies. Methods: A total of 16 subjects participated in the study and were randomly divided into two groups: The group with the standard protocol (SP) and the other in the isokinetic protocol (IP). Both groups underwent the same follow-up testing: Muscle strength, pain, and functional status. Both groups underwent a total of 15 physiotherapy interventions over a 3-week period. Results: The mean age in the standard group was 36 ± 7.93 and in the isokinetic group 46.13 ± 13.88. In the isokinetic group, there was a difference in pain intensity between the second and third measurements (p = 0.016). There was an improvement in muscle strength in the isokinetic group (Cohen’s d = 0.33). At an angular velocity (AV) of 60°/s, this group is better than the delayed SP, while it is directly better at an AV of 90°/s (d = 0.30). The delayed measurement of the groups (IP) showed a lower functional deficit than the SP group (p = 0.012). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study and a search of the scientific literature, we can conclude that IE has been shown to be beneficial rather than harmful. Further longitudinal studies with a larger number of subjects are needed to investigate the effects of isokinetics on functional outcomes in rheumatology patients.

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“…Nambi et al [40] investigated the effects of physiotherapeutic exercise programs on imaging findings and inflammatory biomarkers in soccer players with chronic nonspecific LBP. A total of 60 participants were divided into virtual reality exercise, isokinetic, and conventional exercise groups.…”

Section: Low Back Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Applications of Virtual Reality in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review

Chaplin,

Karatzios,

Benaim

2023

Healthcare

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(1) Background: VR is based on a virtual world that creates sounds effects and videos that replace the real environment. Arising literature shows VR efficacy in the field of neurological rehabilitation (NR) and that its use is also taking a place in musculoskeletal rehabilitation (MSR), as a treatment of various disorders that cause disability and chronic pain. (2) Aim: We discuss the role of VR in MSR, presenting its use and development on acute and chronic musculoskeletal disorders, based on the most recent literature. (3) Design and Methods: Literature searches were conducted in the databases Pubmed and Medline up to 30 September 2023. The PRISMA-Scr Checklist was followed. (4) Results: A total of 51 records were included. The analysed studies were conducted within a variety of populations, musculoskeletal disorders, settings, and VR technologies. Only a few studies could statistically affirm the efficacy of VR in MSR, as mentioned for the rehabilitation of the upper limb. Nevertheless, the observed trend is an improvement of the global perceived effect compared to traditional rehabilitation. (5) Conclusion: VR allows for the personalisation of treatment with an adaptable treatment platform, which may improve the participation of the patient and increase acceptability and adherence to long-term rehabilitation programs. We provide recommendations and suggestions for future research and use of VR in musculoskeletal rehabilitation.

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Effects of Virtual Reality Exercises versus Isokinetic Exercises in comparison with Conventional Exercises on the Imaging Findings and Inflammatory Biomarker Changes in Soccer Players with Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Cited by 10 publications

References 43 publications

Virtual Reality Therapy for the Management of Chronic Spinal Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Virtual Reality Therapy for the Management of Chronic Spinal Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Comparison of isokinetic exercise and standard exercise protocol in patients with spondyloarthropathies

Clinical Applications of Virtual Reality in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review

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