Effects of Vitamin C and E Supplementation on Growth, Fatty Acid Composition, Innate Immunity, and Antioxidant Capacity of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed Oxidized Fish Oil

Abstract

This 10-week feeding experiment examined the effects of supplementing vitamin C (VC) and E (VE) in oxidized oil diets on growth, fatty acid composition, blood physiological indicators, innate immunity, antioxidant capacity, and liver and intestine histology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Four diets were produced including a fresh fish oil containing diet (FFO diet), an oxidized fish oil containing diet (OFO diet), and OFO diet supplemented with 500 mg kg–1 VC and 400 mg kg–1 VE (OFO+C500+E400 diet) or 1,000 mg kg–1 VC and 800 mg kg–1 VE (OFO+C1000+E800 diet). Four hundred and twenty fish averaging 46.9 ± 0.32 g were stocked into 12 tanks and fed the diets twice a day to visual satiety. The results showed no significant effect of OFO or vitamins supplementation on growth, feed intake and feed utilization (P > 0.05). The groups that received OFO and OFO+C1000+E800 diets had significantly (P < 0.05) lower hepatosomatic indices than the other groups. Muscle fatty acid composition showed decreased proportion of 15:0, 16:0, 16:1n-7, 16:2n-4, 18:1n-5, 18:2n-6 (linoleic acid) and total saturated fatty acids in OFO group. Whereas higher percentages of 20:3n-6 and 20:3n-3 were found in OFO group. In addition, the highest ratio of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) was detected in OFO+C500+E400 group. The highest serum triglyceride concentration was recorded in the OFO group. Serum aspartate aminotransferase activity increased in OFO and OFO+C1000+E800 groups compared to OFO+C500+E400 group. Furthermore, significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity in blood was found in OFO and OFO+C500+E400 groups. Significantly lower serum lysozyme, antiprotease, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities were recorded in OFO group compared to FFO and OFO+C500+E400 groups, and an opposite trend was observed for malondialdehyde concentration. Muscle VC and VE concentrations, and liver and intestine histology remained unaffected. To conclude, feeding diet containing oxidized oil with peroxide value of 182 meq kg–1 with/without VC and VE supplementation did not influence growth and tissue VC and VE concentrations of rainbow trout. However, supplementing 500 mg kg–1 VC and 400 mg kg–1 VE reversed the adverse effects of OFO on non-specific immune response and antioxidant capacity.

Effectiveness of dietary vitamin C on the performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

“…These results show that the intestine's absorptive capacity has increased by providing more surface area for nutrient absorption and by enhancing the immune system's defenses against pathogens by using viscous mucin layers that spread out the infectious agent receptors present on the intestinal mucosa (Ringo et al, 2003). In contrast, Rahimnejad, et al, (2021) demonstrated that no histopathological changes were seen in the intestines of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed oxidized fish oil in their study of the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on growth, fatty acid composition, innate immunity, and antioxidant capacity. Even though they discovered the mucosal epithelium to be a single, fully developed layer, they also noticed that the epithelial cells were uniform in size and arrangement, showing no signs of hypo/hyperplasia or hypo/hypertrophy, atrophic or necrotic alterations of the epithelial cells, or signs of inflammation from the infiltration of leukocytes or lymphocytes.…”

Antioxidant Performance of Borago officinalis Leaf Essential Oil and Protective Effect on Thermal Oxidation of Fish Oil

“…In animals, consumption of oxidized fish oil can lead to oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired immune function [10,44]. These effects can impact growth, feed efficiency, and disease susceptibility, ultimately affecting animal production's productivity and profitability [45]. In addition, consuming meat and other animal products from animals fed oxidized fish oil may result in adverse health effects on humans.…”

Profiling of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of aquatic weedIpomoea aquatica

“…Different antioxidant enzymes, namely, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, are stimulated, and also non‐enzymatic components like GSH, histidine peptides, iron‐bound proteins (transferrin and ferritin), dihydrolipoic acid and ubiquinone (CoQH 2 ), are fomented by polyphenols and flavonoids (Biller & Takahashi, 2018). Moreover, redox homeostasis is regulated by a nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor 2‐mediated mechanism (Han et al., 2021; Rahimnejad et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2022). Thus, the presence of polyphenol and flavonoids in I. aquatica extracts can be correlated to its health benefits through its antioxidant properties.…”