Effects of walking on body composition and cardiovascular function of middle-aged man.

Pollock, M. L.; Miller, H S; Janeway, Richard; Linnerud, A. C.; Robertson, Bengt; Valentino, Rossella

doi:10.1152/jappl.1971.30.1.126

Cited by 140 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…The mean baseline CRF was ≈8 to 9 METs (≈30 mL·kg ) was compared with regular walking, both at 50% HR reserve (40 minutes per session, 4 times per week, for 13 weeks), an increase of 2.5 mL·kg −1 ·min −1 was observed (9.7%), which was significantly different from control subjects but comparable to the 10% increase by women who performed regular walking. 273 These studies demonstrated results similar to those of previous walking studies conducted in men 274 and women 275,276 and support previous recommendations that brisk walking for at least 3 to 4 sessions per week for ≥30 minutes per session can significantly increase CRF in people with low CRF.…”

Section: Clinical Statements and Guidelinessupporting

confidence: 87%

Importance of Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Clinical Practice: A Case for Fitness as a Clinical Vital Sign: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Ross¹,

Blair²,

Arena³

et al. 2016

Circulation

1,756

1,697

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ABSTRACT:Mounting evidence has firmly established that low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, and mortality rates attributable to various cancers. A growing body of epidemiological and clinical evidence demonstrates not only that CRF is a potentially stronger predictor of mortality than established risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, but that the addition of CRF to traditional risk factors significantly improves the reclassification of risk for adverse outcomes. The purpose of this statement is to review current knowledge related to the association between CRF and health outcomes, increase awareness of the added value of CRF to improve risk prediction, and suggest future directions in research. Although the statement is not intended to be a comprehensive review, critical references that address important advances in the field are highlighted. The underlying premise of this statement is that the addition of CRF for risk classification presents health professionals with unique opportunities to improve patient management and to encourage lifestyle-based strategies designed to reduce cardiovascular risk. These opportunities must be realized to optimize the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and hence meet the American Heart Association's 2020 goals.M ounting evidence over the past 3 decades has firmly established that low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality, as well as mortality rates attributable to various cancers, especially of the breast and colon/digestive tract. [1][2][3][4] Importantly, improvements in CRF are associated with reduced mortality risk.5 Although CRF is now recognized as an important marker of cardiovascular health, it is currently the only major risk factor not routinely assessed in clinical practice.In 2013, the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology jointly released new guidelines for the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease.6 Although CRF is the fourth-leading risk factor for CVD and has long been established as a significant prognostic marker, 7 it was excluded from the risk calculator. The authors of the guidelines noted that the evidence that CRF would enhance risk classification was inconclusive, and thus, the added contribution of CRF to determine CVD risk was uncertain. There is, however, a large body of epidemiological and clinical evidence demonstrating not only that CRF is a potentially stronger predictor of mortality than established risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but that the addition of CRF to traditional risk factors significantly improves the reclassification of risk for adverse outcomes.

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Section: Clinical Statements and Guidelinessupporting

confidence: 87%

Importance of Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Clinical Practice: A Case for Fitness as a Clinical Vital Sign: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Ross¹,

Blair²,

Arena³

et al. 2016

Circulation

1,756

1,697

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As the subjects in the present study were normotensive at baseline it was unlikely that significant decreases in BP would occur. In walking studies which have used individuals with BP b129/84 mm Hg, the majority have reported non-significant changes in systolic BP or diastolic BP [7,9,10,13,34,[39][40][41]. Exercise training generally results in BP lowering following exercise which is greater in hypertensive patients than in normotensive subjects [42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of 60 minutes of brisk walking per week, accumulated in two different patterns, on cardiovascular risk

Murtagh

Boreham

Nevill

et al. 2005

Preventive Medicine

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“…Although modest, the magnitude of the anthropometric changes are consistent with most prior training studies of adult men. 20,21 These observations suggest that the increased energy expenditures of training were accompanied by a concomitant increase in caloric intake, underscoring the importance of dietary prescription as an adjunct to physical exercise if weight loss is a desired outcome.…”

Section: Anthropometric Effects Of Trainingmentioning

confidence: 95%

A 30-Year Follow-Up of the Dallas Bed Rest and Training Study

et al. 2001

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Background-Aerobic power declines with age. The degree to which this decline is reversible remains unclear. In a 30-year longitudinal follow-up study, the cardiovascular adaptations to exercise training in 5 middle-aged men previously trained in 1966 were evaluated to assess the degree to which the age-associated decline in aerobic power is attributable to deconditioning and to gain insight into the specific mechanisms involved. Methods and Results-The cardiovascular response to acute submaximal and maximal exercise were assessed before and after a 6-month endurance training program. On average, V O 2max increased 14% (2.9 versus 3.3 L/min), achieving the level observed at the baseline evaluations 30 years before. Likewise, V O 2max increased 16% when indexed to total body mass (31 versus 36 mL/kg per minute) or fat-free mass (44 versus 51 mL/kg fat-free mass per minute). Maximal heart rate declined (181 versus 171 beats/min) and maximal stroke volume increased (121 versus 129 mL) after training, with no change in maximal cardiac output (21.4 versus 21.7 L/min); submaximal heart rates also declined to a similar degree. Maximal AVDO 2 increased by 10% (13.8 versus 15.2 vol%) and accounted for the entire improvement of aerobic power associated with training. Conclusions-One hundred percent of the age-related decline in aerobic power among these 5 middle-aged men occurring over 30 years was reversed by a 6-month endurance training program. However, no subject achieved the same maximal V O 2 attained after training 30 years earlier, despite a similar relative training load. The improved aerobic power after training was primarily the result of peripheral adaptation, with no effective improvement in maximal oxygen delivery.

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Effects of walking on body composition and cardiovascular function of middle-aged man.

Cited by 140 publications

References 0 publications

Importance of Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Clinical Practice: A Case for Fitness as a Clinical Vital Sign: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Importance of Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Clinical Practice: A Case for Fitness as a Clinical Vital Sign: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

The effects of 60 minutes of brisk walking per week, accumulated in two different patterns, on cardiovascular risk

A 30-Year Follow-Up of the Dallas Bed Rest and Training Study

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