Effects of Walking on Coronary Heart Disease in Elderly Men

Hakim, Amy; Curb, J. David; Petrovitch, Helen; Rodriguez, B L; Yano, Katsuhiko; Ross, G. Webster; White, Lon R.; Abbott, R D

doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.1.9

Cited by 235 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Reports from the Honolulu Heart Program demonstrated that walking was associated with a decrease in all-cause mortality in older men, which provided an inverse relation between physical activity and incident coronary artery disease (39). Interestingly, the primary mode of exercise used in our active group was walking but likely at a higher intensity than that used by Hakim et al (39).…”

Section: Exercise and Cvdmentioning

confidence: 71%

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Can Adoption of Regular Exercise Later in Life Prevent Metabolic Risk for Cardiovascular Disease?

et al. 2005

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OBJECTIVE -To determine the impact of chronic exercise training initiated later in life upon development of metabolic markers of cardiovascular disease risk.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -Two inception cohorts of previously sedentary healthy adults aged 55-75 years at baseline (1989), one initiating regular supervised physical exercise training and the other a geographical similar sedentary control, were assessed for anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical markers of the metabolic syndrome and comorbidity over 10 years.RESULTS -At baseline, active individuals aged 68 years compared with sedentary individuals aged 67 years had similar fitness levels (5.7 vs. 5.8 metabolic equivalents). At follow-up, complete data were obtained for 161 active and 136 sedentary subjects. Drop out occurred primarily because of failure to adhere to the exercise regimen and poor physical health for active and sedentary individuals, respectively. More metabolic abnormalities were seen in the sedentary group than in the active group for one or two (64 vs. 36%, P Ͻ 0.001) and three or more (35 vs. 22%, P Ͻ 0.003) abnormalities, respectively. In those assessed at follow-up, the sedentary group compared with the active group had lower fitness levels (5.0 [13.8% decrease] vs. 5.9 [3.5% increase] metabolic equivalents), had a greater likelihood of a positive exercise electrocardiogram or symptom (32 vs. 10%, P Ͻ 0.001), and had more comorbid conditions (Charlson Comorbidity Index score 0.9 vs. 0.4, P Ͻ 0.01).CONCLUSIONS -Higher fitness achieved over 10 years of regular exercise training in older adults was associated with reduced development of metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease, fewer exercise-induced cardiac abnormalities, and reduced comorbidity. Diabetes Care 28:694 -701, 2005D espite an overall reduction in cardiovascular mortality over the past decade, an aging population has seen a shift in risk for cardiovascular disease to the older adult (1). However, few longitudinal studies of predictors and modifiers of this risk in the older population are available. This gap in evidence is critical as an aging population becomes increasingly sedentary, whereas the importance of physical activity as a modifier of cardiovascular risk remains unequivocal (2-6).Coincident with an older more sedentary population at risk for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (7-9) is an increased prevalence of the clustering of metabolic risk factors (10 -13). The importance of metabolic risk factors from both a clinical and public health perspective is that their prevention, detection, and reversal can occur before the development of overt cardiovascular disease (14). Coupled with particularly poor treatment and control rates for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (15), prevention and screening strategies early in the cardiovascular disease continuum are essential.Recent evidence from both the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (16) and the U.S. Diabetes Prevention Program (17) showed that even modest lif...

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Section: Exercise and Cvdmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Interestingly, the primary mode of exercise used in our active group was walking but likely at a higher intensity than that used by Hakim et al (39). Certainly, intensity of exercise is an important determinant of risk factor reduction (6,22,24,37).…”

Section: Exercise and Cvdmentioning

confidence: 87%

Can Adoption of Regular Exercise Later in Life Prevent Metabolic Risk for Cardiovascular Disease?

et al. 2005

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“…Indeed, recent evidence suggests that regular aerobic exercise is an effective intervention strategy for improving endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in disease s t a t e s s u c h a s c h r o n i c h e a r t f a i l u r e a n d hypertension (Hambrecht et al 1998;Higashi et al 1999). In this respect, it has recently been demonstrated that dynamic exercise reduces cardiovascular risk in the elderly (Hakim et al 1999). It is tempting to speculate that the beneficial effect of this physical training program could be related in part to an improvement in endothelial function and depends on changes of aerobic capacity level or changes of peak oxygen consumption value.…”

Section: Clinical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endothelial Flow-Mediated Dilatation and Exercise Capacity in Highly Trained Endurance Athletes

Kaşıkçıoğlu

Oflaz

Kaşıkçıoğlu

et al. 2005

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Brachial artery ultrasound during reactive hyperemia is a noninvasive method of assessing peripheral endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. Aerobic exercise has the potential to improve local endothelial function. We sought to analyze the effects of regular aerobic training on brachial artery endothelial function in endurance athletes. We studied diameter and blood flow of the brachial artery in 32 endurance male athletes and 30 healthy male subjects. In the same subjects flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery was recorded by inducing an ischemia through a forearm arterial occluding cuff. Maximal oxygen consumption was significantly higher in the athletes group than in the controls (61.24 ± 5.43 vs 44.49 ± 2.68 ml/kg/min, p < 0.001). Flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery induced by forearm arterial occlusion in athletes was also higher than that of the control subjects (17.1 ± 2.3 vs 11.2 ± 1.7, p = 0.002). Furthermore, there was an association between flow-mediated dilatation and V O 2max (r = 0.69, p < 0.001). Baseline measurements of the diameter and the blood flow volume of the brachial artery were similar in both groups. During reactive hyperemia period, the percent of the changes of endothelial diameters and flow were significantly higher in athletes than in controls. Higher flowmediated dilatation levels in athletes reflect better vascular adaptation to habitual aerobic exercise.endothelium; athlete; exercise; nitric oxide

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“…Looking at high versus moderate/low PA level, in men the average risk of mortality was also reduced for cardiovascular disease by 30% [7], and by 57% [3], while no significant effect was reported for cancer mortality [16]. Cardiovascular morbidity on average was more than double with low compared to high PA level [17]. Prevalence of coronary risk factors and PA level were either significantly associated [6,35] or were not [19].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Physical activity assessment and health outcomes in old age: how valid are dose–response relationships in epidemiologic studies?

Meyer

Stolz

Rott

et al. 2009

Eur Rev Aging Phys Act

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In this systematic review the validity of the dose-response relationships between physical activity (PA) and energy expenditure (EE) on defined health outcomes (cardio-and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality, cancer) for the elderly is questioned. Medline, Cochrane, and EMBASE databases were reviewed for epidemiological longitudinal studies in populations aged 60+ for the years . Although most of the 18 identified studies generally demonstrated an inverse dose-response relationship between PA and EE level with morbidity and mortality, the range of dose-responses was remarkably broad. The nature of the dose-response relationship remained unclear. PA questionnaires -even those constructed for the elderly -do not cover the extremely diverse aspects of age-specific PA behavior and modes of muscular activity. Only non-age-specific tables had been used to estimate the EE in the elderly. Direct measurements of EE were limited. The results have implications for the interpretation of the dose-response relationships between PA and EE on defined health outcomes in old age.

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Effects of Walking on Coronary Heart Disease in Elderly Men

Cited by 235 publications

References 11 publications

Can Adoption of Regular Exercise Later in Life Prevent Metabolic Risk for Cardiovascular Disease?

Can Adoption of Regular Exercise Later in Life Prevent Metabolic Risk for Cardiovascular Disease?

Endothelial Flow-Mediated Dilatation and Exercise Capacity in Highly Trained Endurance Athletes

Physical activity assessment and health outcomes in old age: how valid are dose–response relationships in epidemiologic studies?

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