“…Being cationic surfactants, QACs can be strongly adsorbed by soil ( DeLeo et al, 2020 ) and induce damage to soil and plant growth. These damages include degradation of soil fertility, reducing seed germination and relative growth rate ( Agnelo et al, 2020 ), damaging plant root microbial populations, thus, inhibiting plant root and shoot growth ( Parveen et al, 2022 ), and reducing plant water uptake when soil contains disinfectants at high concentrations ( Parveen et al, 2022 ). These compounds can enter into animal and human bodies though soil and plant and provoke adverse effects on the mucosal lining of the respiratory system, resulting in inflammation, irritation, swelling, or ulcer ( Dhama et al, 2021 ).…”