2021
DOI: 10.3390/geosciences11110459
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Effects of Water on Natural Stone in the Built Environment—A Review

Abstract: The present work reviews studies with information on the effects of water by itself on stones of the built environment both to assess the impact of this substance and to discuss possible implications for conservation. The analysis concerns empirical results from previous publications dealing with the effects, on several rock types, of freeze–thaw, wetting, erosion by running water and substances resulting from the water–stone interaction. Laboratory studies have shown that water freezing can cause physical dam… Show more

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Cited by 21 publications
(14 citation statements)
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“…At KM4, the four intertidal MEM monitoring sites on indurated Amuri limestone have decreased erosion rates (Dickson et al, 2022; Stephenson et al, 2018), despite an increase of 73% in annual wetting and drying cycles and a 214% increase in drying hours. On limestone platforms, wetting and drying effects are less destructive as an isolated weathering process, and limestone is more vulnerable to salt weathering and chemical pitting (Alves et al, 2021; Beck & Al‐Mukhtar, 2014). Since wetting and drying cycles operate synergistically with other weathering processes, it may be that the reduction in erosion rates observed at KM4 is due to decreases in water loading stresses from waves, as there has also been a substantial reduction in water depth and decreases of incipient onshore wave energy along the Kaikōura Peninsula (e.g.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…At KM4, the four intertidal MEM monitoring sites on indurated Amuri limestone have decreased erosion rates (Dickson et al, 2022; Stephenson et al, 2018), despite an increase of 73% in annual wetting and drying cycles and a 214% increase in drying hours. On limestone platforms, wetting and drying effects are less destructive as an isolated weathering process, and limestone is more vulnerable to salt weathering and chemical pitting (Alves et al, 2021; Beck & Al‐Mukhtar, 2014). Since wetting and drying cycles operate synergistically with other weathering processes, it may be that the reduction in erosion rates observed at KM4 is due to decreases in water loading stresses from waves, as there has also been a substantial reduction in water depth and decreases of incipient onshore wave energy along the Kaikōura Peninsula (e.g.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Rather, intercalated layers of mudstone will fail as they dehydrate, creating zones of weakness and collapse within the limestone complex. The limestone will, however, be vulnerable to salt weathering, as repeated doses of sea spray will collect on the rock surface resulting in efflorescing and chemical pitting (Alves et al, 2021), or infiltrating the rock matrix leading to haloclastic crystallization and eventual bursting of sub‐surface pores (Coombes et al, 2013) if haloclastic pressure exceeds tensile strength (Mottershead, 1982). In such conditions, it may be expected that the rates of erosion on limestone platforms stabilize quickly post‐uplift, contingent on their textural composition and vulnerability to haloclastic weathering.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Due to their direct exposure to the natural environment, they are affected by solar radiation, water, wind, and other climate factors [1,2]. Among these, water plays a key role, especially for rocks with high porosity [3][4][5][6][7].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In those rocks containing a large amount of clay minerals, such as montmorillonite, significant volume expansion will occur after water absorption, resulting in many small cracks which destroy the integrity of rock. The long-term dry-wet cycle and freeze-thaw cycle will accelerate the destruction of rock by expansion force [6,12,13]. Lastly, water also causes the bio-deterioration of rocks because water provides suitable conditions for the growth of plants, fungal, bacterial, lichen, or insect colonies.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%