Effects of water vapour heating on structure and properties of cork

Rosa, M. Emília; Fortes, M. A.

doi:10.1007/bf00350604

Cited by 25 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The coefficient, s c /e c (Young's modulus, E) is normally considered an intrinsic characteristic of the material tested (Fortes et al, 2004). Reduction of compression strength for boiled cork has previously been reported (Rosa et al, 1990), and in the present investigation uninoculated boiled cork (Table 2) had a lower E (approx. 9) than non-boiled cork, for which 12 MPa has been recorded (Fortes et al, 2004).…”

Section: Alteration Of Mechanical Properties With Fungal Colonizationsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…It includes one operation, known as cork slab stabilization (Fortes et al, 2004), where the superficial area of the moist, boiled cork slabs is extensively colonized by fungi (Danesh et al, 1997;Oliveira et al, 2003). The boiling step is a standard procedure, necessary to obtain a more homogeneous cellular structure, through the expansion of the collapsed and wrinkled cork cells, and it results in a material with adequate moisture content and flexibility from which stoppers for bottles can be punched out (Rosa et al, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of fungal colonization on mechanical performance of cork

Pereira

Soares

Oliveira

et al. 2006

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation

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The industrialization of traditional processes relies on the scientific ability to understand the empirical evidence associated with traditional knowledge. Cork manufacturing includes one operation known as stabilization, where humid cork slabs are extensively colonized by fungi. The implications of fungal growth on the chemical quality of cork through the analysis of putative fungal metabolites have already been investigated. However, the effect of fungal growth on the mechanical properties of cork remains unexplored. This study investigated the effect of cork colonization on the integrity of the cork cell walls and their mechanical performance. Fungal colonization of cork by Chrysonilia sitophila, Mucor plumbeus Penicillium glabrum, P. olsonii, and Trichoderma longibrachiatum was investigated by microscopy. Growth occurred primarily on the surface of the cork pieces, but mycelium extended deeper into the cork layers, mostly via lenticular channels and by hyphal penetration of the cork cell wall.In this first report on cork decay in which specific correlation between fungal colonization and mechanical proprieties of the cork has been investigated, all colonizing fungi except C. sitophila, reduced cork strength, markedly altering its viscoelastic behaviour and reducing its Young's modulus. r

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Section: Alteration Of Mechanical Properties With Fungal Colonizationsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of fungal colonization on mechanical performance of cork

Pereira

Soares

Oliveira

et al. 2006

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation

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“…b Pintor et al (2012) and Rives (2011). c Rosa and Fortes (1989). d Assumed to be similar to the carbon content in reproduction cork.…”

Section: Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…h Rosa and Fortes (1989). i Estimated by considering an adhesive content of 7% (Gil et al, 2000) and a cork carbon content similar to the one in reproduction cork.…”

Section: Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A model for estimating carbon accumulation in cork products

Dias¹,

Arroja²

2014

For. syst.

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Aim of study: This study aims to develop a calculation model for estimating carbon accumulation in cork products, both whilst in use and when in landfills, and to apply the model to Portugal as an example.Area of study: The model is applicable worldwide and the case-study is Portugal. Material and methods:The model adopts a flux-data method based on a lifetime analysis and quantifies carbon accumulation in cork products according to three approaches that differ on how carbon stocks (or emissions) are allocated to cork product consuming and producing countries. These approaches are: stock-change, production and atmosphericflow. The effect on carbon balance of methane emissions from the decay of cork products in landfills is also evaluated.Main results: The model was applied to Portugal and the results show that carbon accumulation in cork products in the period between 1990 and 2010 varied between 24 and 92 Gg C year -1 . The atmospheric-flow approach provided the highest carbon accumulation over the whole period due to the net export of carbon in cork products. The production approach ranked second because exported cork products were mainly manufactured from domestically produced cork. The net carbon balance in cork products was also a net carbon accumulation with all the approaches, ranging from 5 to 81 Gg C eq year -1 . Research highlights:The developed model can be applied to other countries and may be a step forward to consider carbon accumulation in cork products in national greenhouse gas inventories, as well as in future climate agreements.

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“…The fracture stress and strain of cork in tangential tension can be taken from Rosa and Fortes (1990):…”

Section: Tensile and Fracture Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth stresses and strains in cork

Fortes

Rosa

1992

Wood Sci.Technol.

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Summary. A detailed study of the growth stresses and strait~s in the cork sheI1 of the cork-oak was undertaken based on experimentally determined constitutive relations for cork in tension and compression. The stresses depend on the thicknesses of the cork shell and of the back layer around the cork shell, on the radius of the trunk and on its increase due to growth. The circumferential stresses in the cork shell and back layer are tensile and increase with increasing distance to the tree axis. The radial stresses are compressive and decrease with increasing distance to the tree axis. The strains due to growth are not recovered when the cork boards are removed, unless the boards are heated, for example, by immersion in boiling water. Other consequences of the growth stresses are analysed, such as the occurrence of corrugations in the lateral cell walls of cork, the variation of width of the successive growth rings and the occurrence of cracks in the back layer and outer cork layers.

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Effects of water vapour heating on structure and properties of cork

Cited by 25 publications

References 4 publications

Effect of fungal colonization on mechanical performance of cork

Effect of fungal colonization on mechanical performance of cork

A model for estimating carbon accumulation in cork products

Growth stresses and strains in cork

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