Effects of wounds on the terpene content of twigs of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.)

Marpeau, Anne M.; Walter, Jocelyne; Launay, J.C.; Charon, Jacqueline; Baradat, Philippe; Gleizes, Michel

doi:10.1007/bf00225355

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Severe and repetitive defoliation of evergreens by mammals could reduce the carbon available for producing defense chemicals and increase the suitability of evergreens to herbivores, ultimately leading browsed trees into a vicious circle (Bryant et al 1983, Tuomi et al 1991, Raffa and Smalley 1995). Second, insect herbivory or mechanical wounding can to the contrary induce an increase monoterpene biosynthesis in several conifers (induced defenses, Marpeau et al 1989, Lewinsohn et al 1991, Lerdau et al 1994, Litvak and Monson 1998). However, we failed to observe any induced defense to artificial defoliation in one‐ and two‐year‐old nursery‐grown redcedars (Vourc'h, unpubl.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disentangling the causes of damage variation by deer browsing on youngThuja plicata

Vourc’H¹,

Vila²,

Gillon³

et al. 2002

Oikos

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Long‐lived trees experience different levels of damage due to mammalian herbivores. To untangle the mechanisms that underlie this variation, we combined chemical with dendrochronological analyses to study variation in browsing on Western redcedars (Thuja plicata) on Haida Gwaii (British Columbia, Canada). Since the last glaciation, Haida Gwaii forests had lacked large herbivore browser until Sitka black‐tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) were introduced at the beginning of the 20th century. Dendrochronology yielded information on radial growth and plant annual responses to environmental stresses including herbivory. Secondary metabolite content and plant nutritional quality provided insights into proximate causes of food choices made by herbivores. We sampled lightly‐ and heavily‐browsed young trees at four sites: three clear‐cut sites with high browsing pressure and one old‐growth forest site where browsing pressure had, until recently, been lower. Heavily‐browsed young trees had lower concentrations of secondary metabolites and were of lower nutritive value than lightly‐browsed trees at all sites. Under high browsing pressure, tree growth patterns suggested that all young trees were initially severely browsed until some trees, currently scored as lightly‐browsed, started to escape deer. At the old‐growth site, both lightly‐ and heavily‐browsed trees tended to have lower overall average secondary metabolite concentrations than those of all other sites, a trend possibly related to greater canopy closure. Lightly‐browsed trees were older than heavily‐browsed ones which resulted, during the period of lower browsing pressure, in higher growth rate and a same pattern of change in growth from one year to the next year. This suggests that, under low browsing pressure, selection of young trees related to chemical defense was weak and that growth differences due to other factors than browsing could be expressed. Under strong browsing pressure, however, all young trees had equally low growth rates until trees with better genetic potential to produce effective defenses were able to escape deer. This suggests that selection by deer could occur on a long‐lived tree.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disentangling the causes of damage variation by deer browsing on youngThuja plicata

Vourc’H¹,

Vila²,

Gillon³

et al. 2002

Oikos

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show abstract

“…the trigger of induced defences) of plant palatability. In conifers, insect herbivory or mechanical wounding can induce chemical defences (Marpeau et al 1989;Lerdau et al 1994;Litvak and Monson 1998). However, because evergreen species usually store more of their carbon and nutrient reserves in leaves than do deciduous trees (Chapin 1980), severe and repetitive defoliation of evergreens by mammal herbivores can reduce carbon available for defence chemicals and increase their palatability (Bryant et al 1983;Raffa and Smalley 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is escaping deer browse just a matter of time in Picea sitchensis? A chemical and dendroecological approach

Vila

Vourc’H

Gillon

et al. 2002

Trees

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We combined chemical and dendroecological analyses to understand the mechanisms that are involved in escaping deer browse by young Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) exposed to browsing by Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitchensis) on Haida Gwaii (British Columbia, Canada). We compared chemical defences (terpenes), nutritive compounds (nitrogen, non-structural constituents, cellulose, and lignin), as well as age and radial growth of two young spruce categories growing side by side: (1) stunted spruces that were heavily browsed, shorter than the browse line, and (2) escaped spruces that were taller than the browse line but still browsed below the browse line. Escaped and stunted spruces did not differ in terpene concentrations, or in nutritive compound contents, suggesting that they had similar palatability. Escaped spruces were older that stunted spruces. Stunted and escaped trees had similar slow growth when young, suggesting no difference in initial browsing between the two spruce categories. For escaped spruce, there was a dramatic increase in radial growth at about 12-13 years old, suggesting that the apex of the trees had escaped deer browse. Because the two categories of spruces were equally accessible and did not differ in chemical defences or in nutritive compounds, and because escaped spruces were older than stunted trees and had a similar slow radial growth in their first 12-13 years, we conclude that morphological differences between stunted and escaped browsed trees are due to age and that it is only a matter of time before spruce escape deer on Haida Gwaii.

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“…Lerdau et al (1994), Marpeau et al (1989) (in wood) and Litvak and Monson (1998) (in leaves) have shown that monoterpenes can be involved in both induced and constitutive defences. Furthermore, Lewinsohn et al (1991a) observed an increase in the activity of the monoterpene cyclase in red cedar following wounding.…”

Section: Short-term Consequences Of Ungulate Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defensive adaptations of Thuja plicata to ungulate browsing: a comparative study between mainland and island populations

et al. 2001

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Forests on the Haida Gwaii (HG) archipelago (British Columbia, Canada) evolved for about 10,000 years in the absence of large-mammal browsing. The introduction of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) from the mainland prior to 1901 provides an opportunity to evaluate changes in the adaptive defensive responses of plants to herbivory. We compared (1) food choice by deer and (2) chemical defence (terpene concentrations) between HG and mainland red cedars (Thuja plicata) using (1) nursery-grown seedlings never exposed to deer, (2) branches from trees that grew before the introduction of deer ("old trees") and (3) saplings exposed to deer herbivory on the mainland and on HG. We used the first two plant categories to test the hypothesis that plants that evolve under low herbivory levels have lower anti-herbivore defences. We used saplings to study the consequences of the dramatic increase in browsing on HG. During food experiments, deer preferred HG seedlings and old tree branches compared to those from the mainland. Total monoterpene concentrations were much higher than diterpene concentrations in all plant categories. Within plant categories, multivariate analysis showed that terpene profiles differed significantly between HG and mainland red cedars: HG seedlings and old trees had lower monoterpene levels. These results suggest that some monoterpenes may be determinants of deer food choice and that the defences of HG plants are less effective than those of mainland plants. The deer used branches from HG and mainland saplings indiscriminately. However, terpene profiles differed significantly between HG and mainland saplings, with multivariate analysis suggesting a higher defensive response in browsed HG saplings. Monoterpene profiles were different in lightly and heavily browsed saplings from HG, suggesting that under the current browsing regime, individuals with the greatest constitutive defences, or with greatest potential for induced defences, grow better and are selected on HG.

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Effects of wounds on the terpene content of twigs of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.)

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Disentangling the causes of damage variation by deer browsing on youngThuja plicata

Disentangling the causes of damage variation by deer browsing on youngThuja plicata

Is escaping deer browse just a matter of time in Picea sitchensis? A chemical and dendroecological approach

Defensive adaptations of Thuja plicata to ungulate browsing: a comparative study between mainland and island populations

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