Effects of xylitol on carbohydrate digesting enzymes activity, intestinal glucose absorption and muscle glucose uptake: a multi-mode study

Abstract

The present study investigated the possible mechanism(s) behind the effects of xylitol on carbohydrate digesting enzymes activity, muscle glucose uptake and intestinal glucose absorption using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experimental models. The effects of increasing concentrations of xylitol (2.5%-40% or 164.31 mM-2628.99 mM) on alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase activity in vitro and intestinal glucose absorption and muscle glucose uptake were investigated under ex vivo conditions. Additionally, the effects of an oral bolus dose of xylitol (1 g per kg BW) on gastric emptying and intestinal glucose absorption and digesta transit in the different segments of the intestinal tract were investigated in normal and type 2 diabetic rats at 1 hour after dose administration, when phenol red was used as a recovery marker. Xylitol exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of alpha amylase (IC₅₀ = 1364.04 mM) and alpha glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 1127.52 mM) activity in vitro and small intestinal glucose absorption under ex vivo condition. Xylitol also increased dose dependent muscle glucose uptake with and without insulin, although the uptake was not significantly affected by the addition of insulin. Oral single bolus dose of xylitol significantly delayed gastric emptying, inhibited intestinal glucose absorption but increased the intestinal digesta transit rate in both normal and diabetic rats compared to their respective controls. The data of this study suggest that xylitol reduces intestinal glucose absorption via inhibiting major carbohydrate digesting enzymes, slowing gastric emptying and fastening the intestinal transit rate, but increases muscle glucose uptake in normal and type 2 diabetic rats.

Daidzin decreases blood glucose and lipid in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

“…There are many approaches to efficiently decrease blood glucose level such as promoting insulin secretion [24], inhibiting glucose absorption [25], stimulating glucose uptake by tissues [26] and increasing insulin sensitivity [27]. Insulinotropic agents such as glibenclamide, stimulate insulin secretion and dramatically decrease blood glucose level in both normal and diabetic animals.…”

Histochemistry, phenolic content, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic activities ofVernonia amygdalinaleaf extract

“…The effect of the infusion on intestinal glucose absorption and muscle glucose uptake were determined in isolated rat jejunum and psoas muscles, respectively, as described by previous studies (Chukwuma & Islam, 2015;Oyebode et al, 2018)…”

Phaseolus lunatus(lima beans) abates Fe2+‐induced hepatic redox imbalance; inhibits intestinal glucose absorption and major carbohydrate catabolic enzymes; and modulates muscle glucose uptake

“…Inhibition of key carbohydrate catabolic enzymes has been demonstrated in several studies as the mode of action of most antidiabetic drugs and herbs (Ademiluyi & Oboh, ). Their inhibition translates to a lower postprandial blood glucose level (Chukwuma & Islam, ). The dose‐dependent inhibition of α‐glucosidase (Figure a) by the extract portrays the ability of P. lunatus to cause a delay in carbohydrate digestion, depicting an antihyperglycemic effect.…”

“…Their inhibition translates to a lower postprandial blood glucose level (Chukwuma & Islam, 2015). The dose-dependent inhibition of α-glucosidase (Figure 3a) by the extract portrays the ability of P. lunatus to cause a delay in carbohydrate digestion, depicting an antihyperglycemic effect.…”