Effects on Anticipatory Postural Adjustments by Repetition of the Tiptoe Movement

Saitô, Hiroshi; Asaka, Tadayoshi; Fukushima, Junko; Takeda, Naokazu

doi:10.1589/jpts.19.83

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Previous authors have reported that during anterior movement in the flexion phase, the plantar flexor is inhibited and the TA is activated 19) . In the present study, the highest mean TA activity, about 75.5% in FS, was directed to ankle dorsiflexion to simultaneously position the body anteriorly as the center of mass moved forward over the feet and counteracted the high risk of falling forward 9,13) . According to the findings, the tiptoe squat required higher muscular effort in the EDB.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…It was assumed in this study that the sagittal movement primarily influences the SQ-ST movement; therefore, related muscles in the anterior and posterior lower extremities played dominant roles in the forward and backward movement as reported in the sit-to-stand pattern 9,13) . Performing a full squat put the center of mass behind the BOS; therefore, difficulties in flexing the hip and the ankle joint were related to issues of both muscle strength and the negative effects of being off balance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Previous studies have reported that rising to standing from a position of 90-degree knee flexion (semi-squat) requires a large amount of quadriceps muscle activity 8) . Although the SQ-ST movement cycle from the semi-squat position to standing has been investigated 8) , the requirements of rising from full knee flexion remain unknown, except for studies which have analyzed the basic movements of human daily activity in the tiptoe posture 5,9,10) , in particular those treating foot position as a determinant factor. Foot posture has been considered to contribute to lowering muscle activity and to influence the ability to stand, which is strongly influenced by heel elevation, but this determinant factor has received little attention 3) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Heel Elevation on Postural Adjustment and Activity of Lower-Extremity Muscles during Deep Squatting-to-Standing Movement in Normal Subjects

et al. 2008

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Abstract. The effects of various heel elevations on postural adjustment and lower-extremity muscle activity during the squat-to-stand (SQ-ST) movement were investigated. Eight healthy male subjects participated in the experiment, which involved rising from a deep squat with three different heel elevations: a full squat (FS), in which the plantar aspects of the feet were in full contact with the floor (0 degree), slope squat (SS), in which a 15-degree wedge was applied underneath the foot, and tiptoe squat (TS), in which subjects lifted their heels to their preferred height by extending the metatarsophalangeal joint. Electromyograms were taken of the extensor digitorum brevis (EDB), tibialis anterior (TA), rectus femoris (RF), and gastrocnemius (G) muscles. The results showed that heel elevation significantly affected the postural adjustment: TS caused significantly smaller anterior displacement in the knee and the hip during ankle dorsiflexion and minimized the duration of the forward movement required to stand. On the other hand, EDB activity strongly increased in TS. However, use of foot slope appeared to decrease activities of RF, TA, and EDB. These findings suggest that the use of a foot slope to achieve a squat-to-stand movement may be appropriate to assist patients with weak lower-extremity muscles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Heel Elevation on Postural Adjustment and Activity of Lower-Extremity Muscles during Deep Squatting-to-Standing Movement in Normal Subjects

et al. 2008

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“…These forces are created by postural muscle activity and joint movement in the lower limbs [7][8][9] . Anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) observed in postural muscles prior to the onset of movements affect the performance of fast voluntary movements, including the reaching movement [9][10][11] . These facts suggest that it is possible to perform rapid, stable reaching with appropriate postural control delivered by the lower limbs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Repetitive Reaching Movements on Performance and Postural Control

et al. 2011

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Abstract.[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine whether muscle activity and joint movement in the lower limbs related to postural control are affected by repetitive reaching movements.[Methods] Fourteen healthy subjects attempted to reach a small target as fast as possible while standing. The target was placed at approximately the maximum reach distance. The reaching movement was repeated 50 times. Positions of each body segment were measured by three-dimensional motion analysis. Surface electromyograms (EMG) of tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GAS) were recorded. Parameters related to reaching performance and postural control were analyzed.[Results] With repetition of reaching movements, movement time and peak reaching velocity related to performance significantly increased. In addition, the onset of the EMG activity of TA appeared earlier, the integrated EMG activity of TA and GAS increased, and the maximum ankle dorsiflexion angle increased significantly. Changes in postural response were correlated with those of reaching performance. Moreover, postural response changed earlier than reaching performance.[Conclusion] Changes in postural control were induced by repeated reaching movements. These results suggest that changes in postural control associated with the central nervous system occur in advance in order to improve reaching performance.

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“…As a counterbalance, the heel is lifted, which shifts the head of the metatarsophalangeal to the point of rotation and therefore places the thigh almost parallel to the floor. This is known as the "tiptoe" posture which is performed by shifting the body weight to the head of the metatarsophalangeal joint (Muray et al, 1967;Saito et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relation between the Changes of Postural Achievement, Lower Limb Muscle Activities, and Balance Stability in Three Different Deep-squatting Postures

Sriwarno¹,

Shimomura²,

Iwanaga³

et al. 2008

J Physiol Anthropol

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Deep squatting places a burden on the lower limb muscles and influences postural balance. We attempted to determine the effects of postural changes on the rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, soleus, and extensor digitorum brevis muscles during squatting in 8 healthy male subjects. Three squatting conditions were involved: full squatting (FS), tiptoe squatting (TT), and tiptoe squatting on a 15°slope (TTS), performed randomly and recorded in a period of 4 min for each task. The influence of the squatting condition on electromyography and vertical ground reaction force parameters was examined in order to observe the effect of postural alteration on muscle activity and balance control. The results showed that the change of squatting posture from FS to TT decreased the activity of the rectus femoris and tibialis anterior muscles. FS has been suspected as a main cause of musculoskeletal complaint during prolonged squatting. In contrast, as the heel was lifted, the extensor digitorum brevis muscle increased to 39% of maximum activation. On the other hand, sway analysis at TT showed balance instability regarding the large area occupation of the center of pressure displacement. The presence of a 15°slope significantly reduced the muscular load. This simple study suggests that the inclusion of a sloping surface in daily activities that requires a squatting posture would be an effective means to reduce muscular load.

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Effects on Anticipatory Postural Adjustments by Repetition of the Tiptoe Movement

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

The Effects of Heel Elevation on Postural Adjustment and Activity of Lower-Extremity Muscles during Deep Squatting-to-Standing Movement in Normal Subjects

The Effects of Heel Elevation on Postural Adjustment and Activity of Lower-Extremity Muscles during Deep Squatting-to-Standing Movement in Normal Subjects

Effects of Repetitive Reaching Movements on Performance and Postural Control

The Relation between the Changes of Postural Achievement, Lower Limb Muscle Activities, and Balance Stability in Three Different Deep-squatting Postures

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