Efficacy and adverse reaction to different doses of atorvastatin in the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Background: Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a persistent metabolic disorder, is primarily characterized by insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency and dyslipidemia. Here, we aimed to investigate whether different doses of atorvastatin (ATV) affect rats with T2DM. A total of 110 Sprague–Dawley rats were successfully established as T2DM models. Methods: First, the total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-/low-/very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c/LDL-c/VLDL-c), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), apolipoprotein Al (ApoA1) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) levels in rat serum were analyzed. In addition, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) were also measured. Then, the incidence of adverse reactions was noted. Finally, the pathological study of liver and pancreatic tissues was performed. Results: Rats administered ATV at the doses of 40 and 80 mg/(kg·day) showed down-regulated TG, LDL-c, ApoB, CETP and RBP4 levels yet up-regulated HDL-c and ApoAl levels. Rats administered ATV at a dose of 80 mg/(kg·day) exhibited a higher incidence of adverse reactions and higher ALT and AST levels but lower BUN and Cr levels, which might affect liver and kidney function. Rats administered ATV at the doses of 40 and 80 mg/(kg·day) demonstrated significantly improved liver injury and pancreatic injury induced by T2DM. Conclusion: These data revealed that ATV could improve the lipid metabolism in T2DM rats and 40 mg/(kg·day) may serve as the optimal dose for the reduction of lipid levels and the incidence of adverse effects.

Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Essential Oils against Selected Pathogenic Bacteria: In Vitro Study

“…While tea tree essential oil showed a good antibacterial activity in nearly all bacterial isolates and strains of E. coli and S. aureus , other essential oils used in our study showed a constrained antibacterial activity contrary to the test bacterial isolates according to the obtained MIC values. Our result was similar to other findings that have reported antibacterial activity [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ].…”

Pathophysiological study of atorvastatin drug on toxicity induced by D-galactose in liver of experimental rats

“…Indeed, a clinically significant druginduced liver injury by statins is very rare (Einar et al, 2012). Our results show that a high dose of atorvastatin caused an elevation in ALT and AST levels which agrees with Jiang & Zheng (2019) who showed that rats administered atorvastatin at a dose of 80 mg per kg daily exhibited higher levels of AST and ALT, and is consistent with the study of Abed Al-kareem et al, (2020) who observed a significant increase in ALT and AST concentration in albino rats administered atorvastatin for 60 days as many drugs overdoses cause liver injury and elevate levels of liver enzymes biomarkers. Most drug-induced liver injuries induced by statins are a consequence of the idiosyncratic effect.…”

“…Atorvastatin at dose (10) & (20) mg per kg, single dose per body weight depended on (Panonnummal et al, 2014). Atorvastatin dose (40) mg per kg, single dose per body weight depended on (Jiang & Zheng, 2019). Atorvastatin dose (150) mg per kg, single dose per body weight depended on (Reddy et al, 2010).…”

“…The suppression of the production of isoprenoid intermediates in the mevalonate pathway is assumed to be the source of these extra advantages (Ward et al, 2019). Furthermore, statin use has been shown to lower pro-inflammatory mediator production, protect cells from oxidative damage during vascular injury, decrease platelet adhesion, activation, and thrombin generation, and improve blood flow (Jiang & Zheng, 2019). Among the statins is Atorvastatin, a synthetic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A analog with a significant effect in lowering total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and changing the makeup of lipoproteins (Huisa et al, 2010).…”

Therapeutic effects of an aspalathin-rich green rooibos extract, pioglitazone and atorvastatin combination therapy in diabetic db/db mice

“…Atorvastatin had no effect on FPG levels but reduced cholesterol, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels. This is in accordance with studies that showed reduced TG and cholesterol levels of atorvastatin in mice when administered at either low (10 mg/kg) or high doses (80 mg/kg) [47,48]. In the present study, combining GRT with atorvastatin did not enhance the efficacy of…”