Efficacy and Phytotoxicity of Methyl Bromide as a Fumigant for the Mexican Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Grapefruit

Williamson, D. L.; Summy, Kenneth R.; Hart, W. G.; Sanchez-r, M.; Wolfenbarger, Dan A.; Bruton, B. D.

doi:10.1093/jee/79.1.172

Journal of Economic Entomology

1986

DOI: 10.1093/jee/79.1.172

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Efficacy and Phytotoxicity of Methyl Bromide as a Fumigant for the Mexican Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Grapefruit

D. L. Williamson

Kenneth R. Summy

W. G. Hart

et al.

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Cited by 10 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…The methyl bromide treatment schedule against Mexican fruit ßy is based on research done 25 yr ago (Williamson et al 1986). Here, we present several discrepancies between how that study was done and the results reported versus the implementation and interpretation of the treatment schedule by regulatory agencies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fumigations in Williamson et al (1986) were done at 26.7 Ϯ 1ЊC, whereas the schedule allowed for a minimum treatment temperature of 21ЊC. EfÞcacy of a fumigant is usually directly proportional to temperature (Heather and Hallman 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EfÞcacy of a fumigant is usually directly proportional to temperature (Heather and Hallman 2008). Williamson et al (1986) worked with eggs and early instars, whereas the treatment must be effective against all stages present in fruit, eggs through late instars. Williamson et al (1986) assumed that there were no signiÞcant differences among eggs and all instars inside fruit in susceptibility to methyl bromide, although they stated that "the egg stage may be slightly more tolerant."…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Williamson et al (1986) worked with eggs and early instars, whereas the treatment must be effective against all stages present in fruit, eggs through late instars. Williamson et al (1986) assumed that there were no signiÞcant differences among eggs and all instars inside fruit in susceptibility to methyl bromide, although they stated that "the egg stage may be slightly more tolerant." After fumigation Williamson et al (1986) waited for surviving Mexican fruit ßies to Þnish larval development, naturally emerge from fruit, and complete development to the eclosed adult stage.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Williamson et al (1986) assumed that there were no signiÞcant differences among eggs and all instars inside fruit in susceptibility to methyl bromide, although they stated that "the egg stage may be slightly more tolerant." After fumigation Williamson et al (1986) waited for surviving Mexican fruit ßies to Þnish larval development, naturally emerge from fruit, and complete development to the eclosed adult stage. Under that scenario, it is possible that some Mexican fruit ßies were alive for some time in the fruit after fumigation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the Efficacy of the Methyl Bromide Fumigation Schedule Against Mexican Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Citrus Fruit

Hallman¹,

Thomas²

2011

jnl. econ. entom.

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Methyl bromide fumigation is widely used as a phytosanitary treatment. Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a quarantine pest of several fruit, including citrus (Citrus spp.), exported from Texas, Mexico, and Central America. Recently, live larvae have been found with supposedly correctly fumigated citrus fruit. This research investigates the efficacy of the previously approved U.S. Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service treatment schedule: 40 g/m3 methyl bromide at 21-29.4 degrees C for 2 h. Tolerance ofA. ludens to methyl bromide in descending order when fumigated in grapefruit (Citrus X paradisi Macfad.) is third instar > second instar > first instar > egg. Two infestation techniques were compared: insertion into fruit of third instars reared in diet and oviposition by adult A. ludens into fruit and development to the third instar. Inserted larvae were statistically more likely to survive fumigation than oviposited larvae. When fruit were held at ambient temperature, 0.23 +/- 0.12% of larvae were still observed to be moving 4 d postfumigation. Temperatures between 21.9 and 27.2 degrees C were positively related to efficacy measured as larvae moving 24 h after fumigation, pupariation, and adult emergence. Coating grapefruit with Pearl Lustr 2-3 h before fumigation did not significantly affect the proportion of third instars moving 24 h after fumigation, pupariating, or emerging as adults. In conclusion, fumigation with 40 g/m3 methyl bromide for 2 h at fruit temperatures >26.7 degrees C is not found to be inefficacious for A. ludens. Although a few larvae may be found moving >24 h postfumigation, they do not pupariate.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the Efficacy of the Methyl Bromide Fumigation Schedule Against Mexican Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Citrus Fruit

Hallman¹,

Thomas²

2011

jnl. econ. entom.

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Postharvest treatment of mandarin fruit using a combination of methyl bromide and phosphine against Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Zhang

et al. 2020

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND Chinese Nanfeng mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco ‘2–6’) fruit is host to the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, and therefore requires phytosanitary treatment before exporting abroad. The use of methyl bromide (MB) should be reduced because it has phytotoxic and ozone depleting properties. In the present study, fumigations with mixtures of gaseous phosphine (PH3) and MB were conducted to disinfest B. dorsalis. The effect of combined fumigation on postharvest quality of Nanfeng mandarin fruit was then evaluated. RESULTS There was a clear synergistic effect between MB and PH3 against B. dorsalis at 20 °C. The third‐instar larvae of B. dorsalis were the most tolerant to treatment with both MB alone and combined with PH3. Toxicity assay of third instars indicated that higher PH3 concentrations increased MB toxicity, and 1.42–2.84 g m−3 of PH3 was optimal when combined with MB. Probit analysis showed that, combined with 2.13 g m−3 PH3, similar mortality was achieved with 50% of the MB required when applied alone. Furthermore, the fruit quality test showed that MB fumigation resulted in a higher respiration rate and >40% fruit rot after storage. The combined treatment reduced these effects and did not have adverse effects on fruit firmness, soluble solid content, titratable acidity, or vitamin C content. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the synergistic effect between PH3 and MB and indicate that this treatment has potential as a novel strategy for postharvest control of B. dorsalis, especially in MB‐sensitive fruit. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

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Methyl bromide fumigation and delayed mortality: safe trade of live pests?

et al. 2014

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Live organisms intercepted from treated commodities during phytosanitary inspections usually arouse suspicions of treatment failure, sub-standard treatment application, or post-treatment infestation. The additional possibility that some treatments could kill slowly, meaning commodities might be inspected before pests have succumbed, is seldom considered for treatments other than irradiation. We used a novel biochemical viability assay to measure delays between methyl bromide fumigation and mortality of dipteran eggs, and evaluated the correspondence between egg viability and egg morphological features. Our experimental conditions simulated shipping of rock melons from Australia to New Zealand by sea and air. No eggs survived fumigation, but they took 3–20 days to die, whereas phytosanitary inspections of rock melons occur within 2–7 days. Delays were not influenced by methyl bromide concentration, but were significantly lengthened by cooler storage temperatures. Methyl bromide’s preservative effects delayed degradation of egg morphology, so the biochemical assay detected mortality long before morphological signs of egg death appeared. The results show that commodities subjected to effective methyl bromide treatments are at risk of being inspected before all pests have either died, or started to exhibit morphological signs of death. This could cause commodities to be unnecessarily rejected by quarantine authorities. Better methods than inspection for live pests are needed to assist authorities to gain assurance that treated commodities have been effectively disinfested. These could be developed by exploiting biochemical responses of pests and commodities to treatments.

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Efficacy and Phytotoxicity of Methyl Bromide as a Fumigant for the Mexican Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Grapefruit

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluation of the Efficacy of the Methyl Bromide Fumigation Schedule Against Mexican Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Citrus Fruit

Evaluation of the Efficacy of the Methyl Bromide Fumigation Schedule Against Mexican Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Citrus Fruit

Postharvest treatment of mandarin fruit using a combination of methyl bromide and phosphine against Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Methyl bromide fumigation and delayed mortality: safe trade of live pests?

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