Efficacy and safety of ingenol mebutate gel in field treatment of actinic keratosis on full face, balding scalp, or approximately 250 cm2 on the chest: A phase 3 randomized controlled trial

Patient‐reported outcomes of topical therapies in actinic keratosis: A systematic review

“…Only four studies were clinical trials. 10,[23][24][25] Investigations were designed prevalently as national studies (10/14) 6,8,10,12,[15][16][17]22,23,26 and carried out in North America, 10,15 Europe, 8,16,17,22,26 South America, 6,23 and Australia. 12 Brazil was the only represented South American country, 6,23 and no data were present to represent Asian and African countries.…”

“…6,22,24 5% to 57.9% of patients had a previous history of skin cancer, while 19.3% to 90.3% had been previously treated for AK. 6,8,10,12,13,[15][16][17]19,[22][23][24][25][26] The majority of the patients belonged to Fitzaptrick's skin phototypes I and II. In relation to satisfaction regarding the adverse effects, the group treated with DFS showed higher satisfaction compared to the group treated with 5-FU, with 93.3% and 38.4% of highly satisfied patients, respectively.…”

“…24 Four studies utilized ad-hoc, non-validated questionnaires. 6,10,12,23 Five studies utilized only one PRO (ad-hoc questionnaire 6,12,23 vs validated questionnaire 11,15 ), while 11 studies used more than one PRO instrument (only validated questionnaires 13,17,19,[24][25][26] vs validated and not validated questionnaires 8,10 ).…”

Regenerative Wound Dressings for Skin Cancer

“…Ingenol mebutate, also known as ingenol-3-angelate ( Figure 1 ), is a diterpene ester derived from the Euphorbia peplus plant species [ 45 ]. Known for its anti-cancer properties, ingenol mebutate is a novel therapeutic agent used for the treatment of skin conditions, including actinic keratosis, verrucae, and superficial basal cell carcinoma [ 31 , 45 , 46 ].…”

“…There is a dual underlying mechanism that could be attributed to its anti-cancer potential, consisting of mitochondrial destruction induced by increased intracellular calcium levels and subsequent epidermal cell death through necrosis and apoptosis. The following stage involves protein kinase C activation, which further stimulates infiltration of neutrophils, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, and formation of tumor-specific antibody, leading to a neutrophil-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity [ 31 , 35 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. In this manner, inflammation manifests within hours of application through erythema and edema and subsequent pustules, epidermal flaking, and crusting, which subside in less than 2 weeks [ 47 ].…”