Efficacy and side‐effects of oral contraceptives

Abstract

For the majority of women, oral contraception is safe, convenient and effective, but users should be counselled about potential adverse effects and the importance of good adherence. This review discusses the efficacy, advantages and disadvantages of both combined and progestogen‐only oral contraceptives.

Combination oral contraceptives – a practice-guided overview of everyday problems and their solutions

“…Importantly, clear distinction should be made between spotting and breakthrough bleeding as they are managed differently. Whereas spotting refers to light, intermittent bleeding after initiating patients on COC, 18 breakthrough bleeding refers to more sustained periods of bleeding that occur after a few months of COC use, and which are not associated with a placebo-induced reduction in hormone concentration as is normally the case. Rather, breakthrough bleeding occurs during the active, i.e.…”

Glycodeline-A, sFlt-1, PlGF Combined as Predictor Markers of First Trimester Pregnancy Loss in Iraqi Women

“…Pregnancy defined as the condition of carrying fetus at the pregnant woman, and can be confirmed by positive urine or blood test with ultrasound that is detection of fetal heartbeat, an X-ray may be using, this condition stay about 9 months begining from the first day of the (LMP) of the woman, this state is divided ordinarily In three parts, each part DreiMonate period 1 , More important basic cell differentiation Occurrence of fetal during the first three months of pregnancy, so any complication During this stage the embryo is leading to result represent Grave or pregnancy complications, the consistence of blood flow of fetal placental and uteroplacental is the important side of processes of pregnancy and fetal consistence 2 , successful morphogenesis of uterine placental vascular with successful Morphogenicity of fetus blood circulation are the main factor In these Two Phases systems existing represent these processes of morphogenesis vascular: vasculogenesis: firstly development formation of the blood flow from the activated cells of mesodermal Angiogenesis and : novel vessels Through Blood is formed from present vascular form, which is represent the consistence and development of the system of vascular fetus and placenta through pregnancy. There is no prevent work to protect the pregnant from the miscarriage especially when this situation is occurring whith unknown reason which is undetect, in other site there are many causes that increase the danger of miscarriage, if the pregnant is having difficult maintaining of her carry 3 , the specialist may evaluate some known reasons of miscarriage and remove it through carry, supplemet of hormones and nutrients can help to developing embryo, this growing of embryo happened mostly in the first three months of carry, in most cases miscarriages due to the defect of normally fetus growing 4 , the various symptoms of miscarriage depend on the time of carry age, it happens rapidly even before she know pregnant, these signs include bleeding vagina 5 , tissue drainage,cramping or severe lower pain,back pain mild to heavy, Growth factors play a vital role in the development of vessels; they function as cell mitogens; as attractants in the creation of vascular architectonics; and most notably, as morphogens; the major regulators of angiogenesis are part of the VEGF 6 complex. In addition to direct angiogenesis activators, there is a wide number of causes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), whose effect on angiogenesis is non-specific.…”