Efficacy and user acceptability of transfluthrin-treated sisal and hessian decorations for protecting against mosquito bites in outdoor bars

Masalu, John P.; Finda, Marceline; Okumu, Fredros O.; Minja, Elihaika G.; Mmbando, Arnold S.; Sikulu-Lord, Maggy T.; Ogoma, Sheila B.

doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2132-6

Cited by 52 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…41 64 65 Encouragingly, one of the most widely used of these existing vapour-phase insecticides has recently been reformulated into low-technology emanator formats that provide protection lasting several months, at costs that should be affordable even in LMICs. [66][67][68] While transfluthrin, and several similarly volatile pyrethroids, are often described as spatial repellents, 60 69 they can actually incapacitate 65 or even kill mosquitoes. 70 They are therefore described here as vapour-phase insecticides, to distinguish them from repellents and irritants in the strict sense, which may be associated with considerable limitations, disadvantages and risks.…”

Section: Recommendations For Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing an expanded vector control toolbox for malaria elimination

et al. 2017

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Vector control using long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) accounts for most of the malaria burden reductions achieved recently in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). LLINs and IRS are highly effective, but are insufficient to eliminate malaria transmission in many settings because of operational constraints, growing resistance to available insecticides and mosquitoes that behaviourally avoid contact with these interventions. However, a number of substantive opportunities now exist for rapidly developing and implementing more diverse, effective and sustainable malaria vector control strategies for LMICs. For example, mosquito control in high-income countries is predominantly achieved with a combination of mosquito-proofed housing and environmental management, supplemented with large-scale insecticide applications to larval habitats and outdoor spaces that kill off vector populations en masse, but all these interventions remain underused in LMICs. Programmatic development and evaluation of decentralised, locally managed systems for delivering these proactive mosquito population abatement practices in LMICs could therefore enable broader scale-up. Furthermore, a diverse range of emerging or repurposed technologies are becoming available for targeting mosquitoes when they enter houses, feed outdoors, attack livestock, feed on sugar or aggregate into mating swarms. Global policy must now be realigned to mobilise the political and financial support necessary to exploit these opportunities over the decade ahead, so that national malaria control and elimination programmes can access a much broader, more effective set of vector control interventions.

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Section: Recommendations For Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing an expanded vector control toolbox for malaria elimination

et al. 2017

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“…29 30 Following scale-up of LLINs, anthropophagic A. funestus became far more scarce and A. gambiae almost disappeared but A. arabiensis persisted 31 32 by exhibiting three behaviours which protect it against LLINs, as well as render it remarkably vulnerable to complementary measures: (1) increased feeding outdoors in the early evenings when people are active and unprotected by nets, 32 where they could now be targeted with insecticidetreated clothing 20 21 or vapour-phase insecticides; [22][23][24] (2) although they avoid fatal contact with LLINs when they do enter houses, 12 13 the fact is that bed nets force mosquitoes to enter twice as many houses to obtain the blood they need. 10 This phenomenon of repeated house entry could therefore be exploited to kill them more effectively than would otherwise be possible, by applying additional insecticides inside houses by spraying them on the walls as IRS (figure 1), or by targeting them to entry points with eave tubes 19 or exit points with eave baffles 17 ; and (3) half of their blood meals are now obtained from unprotected cattle 34 that do not use nets but could be readily treated with long-lasting veterinary insecticide formulations.…”

Section: Vectors Even Vectors Likementioning

confidence: 99%

“…28 As illustrated mechanistically in figure 2, such layering of interventions in a logical sequence can enable rational manipulation and exploitation of mosquito behaviour patterns, sometimes referred to as 'push-pull' strategies [35][36][37][38] that originate from the agriculture sector. 39 Such altered postintervention behavioural patterns create new opportunities for targeting outdoorfeeding vectors with insecticide clothing treatments, 18 19 insecticide vapour emanators [22][23][24] and/or veterinary insecticides 28 that would previously have been ineffective. These intervention options can therefore be expected to have a much greater impact on residual transmission as second-line and third-line measures to supplement LLINs in an elimination programme than they ever could on baseline transmission as the first-line measure in a control programme.…”

Section: Vectors Even Vectors Likementioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring, manipulating and exploiting behaviours of adult mosquitoes to optimise malaria vector control impact

et al. 2017

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Residual malaria transmission can persist despite high coverage with effective long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and/or indoor residual spraying (IRS), because many vector mosquitoes evade them by feeding on animals, feeding outdoors, resting outdoors or rapidly exiting from houses after entering them. However, many of these behaviours that render vectors resilient to control with IRS and LLINs also make them vulnerable to some emerging new alternative interventions. Furthermore, vector control measures targeting preferred behaviours of mosquitoes often force them to express previously rare alternative behaviours, which can then be targeted with these complementary new interventions. For example, deployment of LLINs against vectors that historically fed predominantly indoors on humans typically results in persisting transmission by residual populations that survive by feeding outdoors on humans and animals, where they may then be targeted with vapour-phase insecticides and veterinary insecticides, respectively. So while the ability of mosquitoes to express alternative behaviours limits the impact of LLINs and IRS, it also creates measurable and unprecedented opportunities for deploying complementary additional approaches that would otherwise be ineffective. Now that more diverse vector control methods are finally becoming available, well-established entomological field techniques for surveying adult mosquito behaviours should be fully exploited by national malaria control programmes, to rationally and adaptively map out new opportunities for their effective deployment.

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“…There are several formats through which spatial repellents are dispensed, such as mosquito coils, vaporizer mats and liquid vaporizers [24,35,36]. Recently, an alternative emanator delivery format for volatilizing transfluthrin at ambient temperatures have proven efficacious against mosquito bites [37][38][39][40][41]. Although effective, these emanator formats require that the host is confined to a protected air space, therefore, limiting mobility [38][39][40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of personal protection afforded by repellent-treated sandals against mosquito bites in south-eastern Tanzania

Sangoro

Gavana

Finda

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background: Outdoor and early evening mosquito biting needs to be addressed if malaria elimination is to be achieved. While indoor-targeted interventions, such as insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, remain essential, complementary approaches that tackle persisting outdoor transmission are urgently required to maximize the impact. Major malaria vectors principally bite human hosts around the feet and ankles. Consequently, this study investigated whether sandals treated with efficacious spatial repellents can protect against outdoor biting mosquitoes.Methodology: Sandals affixed with hessian bands measuring 48 cm 2 treated with 0.06 g, 0.10 g and 0.15 g of transfluthrin were tested in large cage semi-field and full field experiments. Sandals affixed with hessian bands measuring 240 cm 2 and treated with 0.10 g and 0.15 g of transfluthrin were also tested semi field experiments. Human landing catches (HLC) were used to assess reduction in biting exposure by comparing proportions of mosquitoes landing on volunteers wearing treated and untreated sandals. Sandals were tested against insectary reared Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in semi-field experiments and against wild mosquito species in rural Tanzania. Results:In semi-field tests, sandals fitted with hessian bands measuring 48 cm 2 and treated with 0.15 g, 0.10 g and 0.06 g transfluthrin reduced mosquito landings by 45.9%, (95% confidence interval (C.I.) 28-59%), 61.1% (48-71%), and 25.9% (9-40%), respectively compared to untreated sandals. Sandals fitted with hessian bands measuring 240 cm 2 and treated with 0.15 g and 0.10 g transfluthrin reduced mosquito landings by 59% (43-71%) and 64% (48-74%), respectively. In field experiments, sandals fitted with hessian bands measuring 48 cm 2 and treated with 0.15 g transfluthrin reduced mosquito landings by 70% (60-76%) against Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, and 66.0% (59-71%) against all mosquito species combined. Conclusion:Transfluthrin-treated sandals conferred significant protection against mosquito bites in semi-field and field settings. Further evaluation is recommended for this tool as a potential complementary intervention against malaria. This intervention could be particularly useful for protecting against outdoor exposure to mosquito bites. Additional studies are necessary to optimize treatment techniques and substrates, establish safety profiles and determine epidemiological impact in different settings.

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Efficacy and user acceptability of transfluthrin-treated sisal and hessian decorations for protecting against mosquito bites in outdoor bars

Cited by 52 publications

References 24 publications

Developing an expanded vector control toolbox for malaria elimination

Developing an expanded vector control toolbox for malaria elimination

Measuring, manipulating and exploiting behaviours of adult mosquitoes to optimise malaria vector control impact

Evaluation of personal protection afforded by repellent-treated sandals against mosquito bites in south-eastern Tanzania

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