Efficacy of Bleomycin-Lauromacrogol Foam in Pediatric Macrocystic Lymphatic Malformations With and Without Intracapsular Hemorrhage

Congenital Vascular Malformations in Children: From Historical Perspective to a Multidisciplinary Approach in the Modern Era—A Comprehensive Review

“…Initially reserved for patients deemed inoperable, sclerotherapy and embolization have emerged as the treatment of choice in many cases, offering advantages over surgical resection [47][48][49][50]. Various chemicals can be used, such as ethanol, coils, glues, Onyx (ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer), bleomycin, polidocanol (aethoxysclerol), doxycycline, and many more [49,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58]. The specific properties and working mechanisms of these agents differ, and the choice of which agent to use can be based on CVM subtype, anatomical location, content and extent of the lesion, or simply expertise in a center.…”

“…Bleomycin is safe and effective and results in less swelling compared to other agents, which is a major advantage. In some cases, it can be beneficial to use a combination of agents based on their specific properties [49,52,57].…”

“…Bleomycin is safe and effective and results in less swelling compared to other agents, which is a major advantage. In some cases, it can be beneficial to use a combination of agents based on their specific properties [49,52,57]. Although sclerotherapy and embolization outweigh most of the disadvantages of open surgery, this therapy also has its drawbacks.…”