Efficacy of botulinum toxin A in upper limb function of hemiplegic patients

Abstract

Botulinum toxin A has been reported to reduce spasticity and increase the comfort of hemiplegic patients. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of the treatment on disability, especially in manual activities, and to attempt to identify predictive factors of improvement. Twenty patients (mean age: 54.4 years; M: 14; right hemiplegia: 12) were included, with a delay of at least three months after unilateral hemispheric stroke. Botulinum toxin A (BOTOX) was injected into the arm adductors (8 cases), forearm flexors (17 cases), pronators, wrist and finger flexors (20 cases),with a total dose of 200 to 300 U. Examination (day 1 and 15, month 2 and 5) consisted of spasticity assessment (modified Ashworth scale), muscle strength, passive range of motion (goniometry), and pain, followed by functional tests, especially the Rivermead Motor Assessment (RMA) and Nine-hole Peg Test (NHPT). Performance in daily living was assessed with the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and an original analysis of hand grasp, grip and pinches used in domestic activities (9 items), and of comfort of patients and caregivers. Significant reduction in spasticity was observed on the elbow flexors, pronators, wrist and fingers flexors, especially at day 15 (mean 0.90 to 1 point), with wide variations in effect. Muscle strength was increased in wrist and fingers extensors, with concomitant increase in the opening of the thumb to index finger space. There was no effect on the NHPT requiring distal manipulation, but the RMA, which especially concerned picking up and releasing a tennis ball, showed significant improvement. Furthermore, use of the upper limb in daily living increased, particularly for internal grasping of objects, and for grasping by the top, transporting and releasing of objects. Patients and caregivers re ported facilitation in dressing, and in proximal and distal care of the upper limb. The global flexor position of the limb improved. Ad verse reactions were rare and mostly consisted of transitory pain during injection. The improvement in the RMA was better explained by the quality of the initial motor command on distal prehension (positive correlation with motor strength), and that in hand using in domestic activities by a lower level of spasticity on pronators and wrist flexors (negative correlations with spasticity). Conversely, the severity of the motor deficit (negative correlations with motor strength) and a high level of spasticity before injection (positive correlations with spasticity) mostly explained the improvement in comfort. In conclusion, botulinum toxin A is efficient in improving hand use in patients with relatively preserved distal motricity, and in increasing comfort in patients with severe global disorders.

Electroacupuncture may help motor recovery in chronic stroke survivors: A pilot study

“…Antispastic medications, such as botulinum toxin, have been used successfully to reduce muscle spasticity, but their effects on motor functional improvement are still under debate [37][38][39][40]. Antispastic medication usually paralyzes the spastic muscle by disrupting the muscle motor-unit pathway.…”

Botulinum Toxin in Poststroke Spasticity

“…46 Other uncontrolled trials with similar results have reported spasticity reduction in the hemiparetic upper limb without significant functional improvement in global assessment measures. [47][48][49] Interestingly, an exploratory meta-analysis, including two randomized, controlled trials, has revealed that reduction in spasticity was associated with significant improvement in arm function. 50 Combined therapies were also studied in an attempt to enhance the effectiveness of BTX.…”

Pharmacologic Management of Spasticity Following Stroke

“…Despite a decrease in spasticity as measured by the Modified Ashworth Scale, disability as measured by the Rivermead Motor Assessment (RMA) and the Barthel Index (BI) did not improve. Rousseaux and colleagues, 69 however, found improvements in RMA scores but not in Nine-Hole Peg Test scores. Predictive factors for improvement in function may include higher baseline hand function prior to injection.…”