Efficacy of chemical and botanical over‐the‐counter pediculicides available in Brazil, and off‐label treatments, against head lice <i>ex vivo</i>

Asenov, André; Oliveira, Francisco Artur Forte; Speare, Rick; Liesenfeld, Oliver; Hengge, Ulrich R.; Heukelbach, Jörg

doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04335.x

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Similar results applying an identical methodology were found with permethrin-based products from Australia, the UK and Brazil [9,13,27]. The pyrethrum extract Goldgeist ® forte showed a low efficacy in our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

A new two-phase dimeticone pediculicide shows high efficacy in a comparative bioassay

et al. 2009

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BackgroundDimeticones kill head lice by physical means. Here we assessed in a comparative bioassay the ex vivo efficacy of "NYDA® sensitiv", a new two-phase dimeticone-based pediculicide similar to a product established on the market, but without fragrances.MethodsWe compared efficacy of the new product to a positive dimeticone control group, a sample of four other insecticidal and natural head lice products marketed in Germany, and an untreated control. In a bioassay, lice were exposed ex vivo to products and examined for activity for up to 24 hours, following a standard protocol.ResultsAfter 6 and 24 hours, 13.7 and 88.5% of untreated control lice did not show major vital signs. In contrast, no lice showed major vital signs 5 minutes after treatment with the new product or the control dimeticone group (NYDA®). This effect persisted at all observation points (100% efficacy). Efficacy of 0.5% permethrin (Infectopedicul®) ranged between 76 and 96% in evaluations between 5 min and 6 hours. All lice treated with a coconut-based compound (mosquito® Läuseshampoo) did not show major vital signs after 5 min, but mortality was only 58% after one hour. Pyrethrum extract (Goldgeist® forte) showed an efficacy of 22 - 52% between 5 min and 3 hours after treatment; after 6 hours, 76% of lice were judged dead. An oxyphthirine®-based compound (Liberalice DUO LP-PRO®) killed 22 - 54% of lice in the first 6 hours.ConclusionsThe two-phase dimeticone compound NYDA® sensitiv is highly efficacious. The removal of fragrances as compared to an established dimeticone product did not affect in vitro efficacy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

A new two-phase dimeticone pediculicide shows high efficacy in a comparative bioassay

et al. 2009

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“…Several products based on oils and/or extracts are already commercially available, especially for head lice. Scientific scrutiny of such products often suggests that 'field’ efficacy may be questionable [49,50], with similar conclusions drawn for commercial repellents aimed at the same pest (see Repellent potential). Nevertheless, some products do appear effective, with Tea Tree Gel® outperforming 1% permethrin in an Australian study [50].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Present and future potential of plant-derived products to control arthropods of veterinary and medical significance

et al. 2014

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The use of synthetic pesticides and repellents to target pests of veterinary and medical significance is becoming increasingly problematic. One alternative approach employs the bioactive attributes of plant-derived products (PDPs). These are particularly attractive on the grounds of low mammalian toxicity, short environmental persistence and complex chemistries that should limit development of pest resistance against them.Several pesticides and repellents based on PDPs are already available, and in some cases widely utilised, in modern pest management. Many more have a long history of traditional use in poorer areas of the globe where access to synthetic pesticides is often limited. Preliminary studies support that PDPs could be more widely used to target numerous medical and veterinary pests, with modes of action often specific to invertebrates.Though their current and future potential appears significant, development and deployment of PDPs to target veterinary and medical pests is not without issue. Variable efficacy is widely recognised as a restraint to PDPs for pest control. Identifying and developing natural bioactive PDP components in place of chemically less-stable raw or 'whole’ products seems to be the most popular solution to this problem. A limited residual activity, often due to photosensitivity or high volatility, is a further drawback in some cases (though potentially advantageous in others). Nevertheless, encapsulation technologies and other slow-release mechanisms offer strong potential to improve residual activity where needed.The current review provides a summary of existing use and future potential of PDPs against ectoparasites of veterinary and medical significance. Four main types of PDP are considered (pyrethrum, neem, essential oils and plant extracts) for their pesticidal, growth regulating and repellent or deterrent properties. An overview of existing use and research for each is provided, with direction to more extensive reviews given in many sections. Sections to highlight potential issues, modes of action and emerging and future potential are also included.

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“…In these studies, the efficacy of 1% malathion (100%) was similar to high concentration dimeticone, but efficacy of 0.5% permethrin (two products of 0.5% alcoholic solution and 1% aqueous lotion) ranged from 76% to 96% 10 min until 6 hours after application of products, and pyrethrum extract did not show satisfactory efficacy [20,21]. In fact, a study assessing available OTC products in Brazil found varying efficacy of permethrin-based products and suggested that the formulation would influence efficacy, but that permethrinresistance may also occur in this area [22]. A recent study determining knockdown resistance gene mutations has shown the presence of permethrin-resistant lice collected in this Brazilian study area [23], which may be responsible for the low efficacy observed for permethrin products with a neurotoxic mode of action, in the comparative studies.…”

Section: Ex Vivo Adulticidal Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimeticone-Based Pediculicides: A Physical Approach to Eradicate Head Lice~!2010-03-29~!2010-04-10~!2010-07-14~!

Heukelbach¹,

Oliveira²,

Richter³

et al. 2010

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Resistance of head lice to insecticides with a neurotoxic mode of action, such as permethrin and malathion, is increasing in incidence and geographic extent. As a consequence, physically acting pediculicidal products have emerged. Dimeticones are synthetic silicone oils of low surface tension and can therefore coat most surfaces, thus also killing head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) by physical means. Considering this mode of action, the development of head lice resistance in the future is very unlikely. In this review, ex vivo and clinical evidence on the efficacy of dimeticones against head lice is presented. Besides the high adulticidal and excellent ovicidal ex vivo efficacy, clinical efficacy of high concentrated dimeticone has been shown. We conclude that dimeticone-based products are a safe and effective option for those patients who prefer not to use pediculicides with a neurotoxic mode of action, especially in areas where resistances of head lice against permethrin and malathion-based products have been reported, or are suspected.

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Efficacy of chemical and botanical over‐the‐counter pediculicides available in Brazil, and off‐label treatments, against head lice ex vivo

Cited by 15 publications

References 36 publications

A new two-phase dimeticone pediculicide shows high efficacy in a comparative bioassay

A new two-phase dimeticone pediculicide shows high efficacy in a comparative bioassay

Present and future potential of plant-derived products to control arthropods of veterinary and medical significance

Dimeticone-Based Pediculicides: A Physical Approach to Eradicate Head Lice~!2010-03-29~!2010-04-10~!2010-07-14~!

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