2013
DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.556
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Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy in the Treatment of Test Anxiety

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Cited by 4 publications
(7 citation statements)
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“…According to cognitive models of anxiety and performance [ 6 ], test anxious individuals show impaired performance because they are too preoccupied with the thoughts about failure before or during a specific evaluation. Previous studies showed that cognitive therapy which focuses on a person’s negative beliefs (using cognitive reappraisal) is an effective way of on relieving test anxiety [ 7 , 8 ]. More specifically, cognitive therapy that focused on the dysfunctional cognitive processes of current or future experiences appeared to be effective in reducing test anxiety for university students, especially for introverted students as compared with extroverted students [ 7 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…According to cognitive models of anxiety and performance [ 6 ], test anxious individuals show impaired performance because they are too preoccupied with the thoughts about failure before or during a specific evaluation. Previous studies showed that cognitive therapy which focuses on a person’s negative beliefs (using cognitive reappraisal) is an effective way of on relieving test anxiety [ 7 , 8 ]. More specifically, cognitive therapy that focused on the dysfunctional cognitive processes of current or future experiences appeared to be effective in reducing test anxiety for university students, especially for introverted students as compared with extroverted students [ 7 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Research suggests that test anxiety can have a significant detrimental impact on attainment (Putwain, 2007;Nadinloyi et al, 2013), with previous research within the UK suggesting that the difference between students with high and low test anxiety equates to approximately one GCSE grade (Putwain, 2008). Research suggests that it is predominantly the cognitive component of test anxiety, which is believed to interfere with working memory resources, which impacts examination performance and attainment (Keogh et al, 2006;.…”
Section: Impact Of Test Anxietymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition to an impact on academic attainment, research suggests that test anxiety can also have a significant detrimental impact on young people’s physical health, self‐esteem and mental health and well‐being (Nadinloyi et al ., 2013; Putwain et al ., 2014; Burić, 2015; Yeo et al ., 2016; Hopfenbeck, 2017; Roome and Soan, 2019; Howard, 2020). Thus, effective test anxiety intervention may be beneficial in enhancing both academic attainment and subjective well‐being (Steinmayr et al ., 2016).…”
Section: Impact Of Test Anxietymentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…摘 要 目的:旨在探讨影响初三学生考试焦虑的认知因素及其考试焦虑的主要来源。方法:采用自编的考试焦 虑量表对810名初三学生进行了问卷调查。结果:1) 在易引发焦虑的6个认知因素中,中考考生在"对 责任的评估"、"对后果的评估"以及"对考试本身的认识"这三个方面出现的问题较大,而"对能力 的评估"对焦虑症状的影响最大(β = 0.17);2) 在焦虑来源方面,对中考考生而言压力更多的来自于父 母,而"来自学校及老师的压力(β = 0.25)"以及"来自同学的压力(β = 0.27)"这两个焦虑来源与中考 考生的焦虑症状有更密切的联系。结论:考试焦虑的能力认知模型基本拟合,该模型对理论和实践具有 重要意义。 关键词 考试焦虑,认知因素,焦虑来源 1. 问题提出 虽然在上世纪中叶国外就已经开始对考试焦虑进行系统的研究,但由于考试焦虑是一个涉及多种维 度的概念 (Lowe & Lee, 2008),所以前人在各自的研究中从不同的角度对考试焦虑进行了定义 (Farooqi, Ghani, & Spielberger, 2012)。尽管如此,研究者们还是普遍认为,考试焦虑是焦虑的一种特殊形式,它包 含了一系列现象的,生理的以及行为的反应,这些反应伴随着对考试或类似评价情境的可能失败或消极 结果的担忧 (Vitasari, Nubli, Othman, Herrawan, & Sinnadurai, 2010;Nadinloyi, Sadeghi, Garamaleki, Rostami, & Hatami, 2013)。担忧属于认知成分。近年来,人们普遍认为认知是对考试焦虑影响最大的因素。不良 的认知特性,例如不合理的预期,考试情境中缺乏自信,对消极成绩的估计,过分关注潜在的失败结果, 对考试失败的后果的担心等,可能是高考考试焦虑者最明显的反应特征。因此本研究认为,考试焦虑是 一种由于对考试或其他被评价情境产生了一系列不良认知进而引发的不适情绪状态。 在对国内外近些年关于考试焦虑的研究进行综合整理之后发现,前人对引发焦虑的认知因素的探讨 并不全面。例如,尽管很多前人的研究都提到了"消极的认知方式" (Wells, 2004;González-Díez, Calvete, Riskind, & Orue, 2015;Hallion, & Ruscio, 2011),但是"消极的认知方式"涉及了很多方面,部分因素还 与抑郁的引发有关,而他们并没有进行明确的区分和更深入的探讨。因此,本研究在前人研究的基础上, 进一步分析了引发焦虑的认知过程,首次提出了考试焦虑的能力认知模型。这个认知模型认为,易引发 焦虑的认知因素主要包括对六个方面能力的认知,根据他们在引发焦虑的认知过程中的重要性及其逻辑 顺序,这六个认知因素分别是"对考试的预期"、"对考试本身的认识"、"对自身考试能力的评估"、 "对结果的评估"、"对后果的评估"以及"对责任的评估"。 其中,1) "对考试的预期":指在考前以及准备考试的过程中,对考试发生时间的估计以及时间管 理方面的能力。焦虑是由具有潜在威胁的未来事件所引发的一种不良情绪,这种与焦虑相关的威胁具有典 型的未来指向性和模糊性 (Barlow, 2000)。大量研究表明,对将要发生的威胁事件的预期是引发和维持焦虑 的一个重要因素 (Armfield, & Mattiske, 1996;Simmons et al, 2013;Gramer, & Sprintschnik, 2008) (Hallion, &Ruscio, 2011;MacLeod, & Mathews, 2012;Beck, Emery, & Greenberg, 2005)。此外, Spielberger (1976)在考试焦虑的相互作用模型中也提到,对任务性质、任务难度、时间限制等方面的评估 影响了考试焦虑的水平 (Spielberger, Anton, & Bedell, 1976)。也就是说,过分估计所面临的困难及问题的严 重性,会增加威胁的觉察,从而引发焦虑 (Muris, Mayer, Vermeulen, & Hiemstra, 2007) Ergene (2003) 都发现, 高考试焦虑的学生对自己的能力都缺乏自信, 也更容易进行自我贬低 (Johnson, 2007;Ergene, 2003)…”
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