Efficacy of Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment on Chemical and Microbial Pollutants in Water

Abstract

Here, we studied the effect of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on chemical and microbial pollutants. A model compound for organic water pollutants, crystal violet dye (CV), was used as a chemical probe to monitor a rapid change in the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in water. We used a point electrode to generate plasma above the treated liquid. Three variables (the gap distance between the point electrode and the water surface, the input voltage, and the water thickness below the point electrode) have been studied to show their effects on CV percent removal as a response. Additionally, the microbicidal effect of CAP against rotavirus (RoV), �X174, E. coli, and S. aureus in water was investigated. A rapid virucidal activity was observed, up to 5 log 10 reduction in 1 min for �X174 and 4.3 log 10 reduction of RoV in 5 min CAP exposure. Viral removal could be due to the fact that plasma produced active species which have an oxidative effect on viral capsid protein. As expected, bacteria were more sensitive to CAP than viruses, as ∼ 4log 10 removal was observed after 30s exposure. The potent antibacterial effect of CAP could be due to the reaction of free radicals with the outer membrane of bacteria or even the penetration of the bacterial cells. CAP has the potential to control microbial and chemical pollution in water. However, further work should be conducted to determine the efficacy of CAP treatment in complex water matrices. * NO), nitrite (NO À2 ), nitrate NO À 3 ; hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), peroxynitrite (ONOO À ), singlet molecular oxygen, ozone (O 3 ), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and many other species. These species have a different lifetime and different reaction rate constants with other molecules in the gas phase and aqueous solutions as well, and they can be converted to each other. [2d,4] The plasma generated reactive species can be [a] Assoc.

Disinfection of corona and myriad viruses in water by non-thermal plasma: a review

“…The water thickness is the distance measured from the top of the textural asperities on the pavement (in terms of mean texture depth or mean profile depth). There is an interaction effect between the water thickness and the input voltage on the NTP efficiency in virus inactivation (El-Kalliny et al 2021 ). The efficiency of NTP is significantly affected by changes in water thickness.…”

“…One of these disadvantages is the contamination with disinfection by-products with carcinogenic consequences and environmental pollution (Su et al 2018 ; Badawi et al 2021b ). Chlorine, for example, interacts with organic chemicals to produce reactive chlorinated organic compounds that are toxic to people, and their treatment using UV irradiation takes a long time to be removed (El-Kalliny et al 2021 ).…”

“…2 ˙ − ), ozone (O 3 ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and nitric oxide (˙NO) (Wang et al 2016 ; Li et al 2020 ). These radicals play a significant role in the inactivation of viruses by oxidizing the viral capsid protein and altering the lipoproteins and DNA of the virus (Huang et al 2018 ; El-Kalliny et al 2021 ).…”

“…NTP has been reported as an approach for viral inactivation in water only in a few articles; however, it has shown great potential and has been proven to inactivate various viruses in water. For instance, NTP has successfully inactivated all SARS-CoV-2 (Chen and Wirz 2020 ; Ghernaout and Elboughdiri 2020 ; Capelli et al 2021 ; Gururani et al 2021 ), Rotavirus CP ((El-Kalliny et al 2021 ), bacteriophages T4, 174, and MS2 (Guo et al 2018a ), Potato Virus Y (Filipić et al 2019 ), and Tulane virus (Min et al 2016 ).…”

Microbiotic particles in water and soil, water-soil microbiota coalescences, and antimicrobial resistance

“…Various procedures have been proposed (Lawler, 1986) or are under research for removal or deactivation of water particles. In addition to the classic sedimentation, flocculation, coagulation, or disinfection process, filtration and ultrafiltration, as well as cold atmospheric plasma technology (Kim and Dempsey, 2008), hydrodynamic vortex separators (Gronowska-Szneler and Sawicki, 2014); dissolved air flotation (Han et al, 2007;El-Kalliny et al, 2021) and other procedures will be necessary. Nanoparticlesbased biotechnology is a promising field.…”