Efficacy of copper and silver ions and reduced levels of free chlorine in inactivation of Legionella pneumophila

Landeen, Lee K.; Yahya, Moyasar T.; Gerba, Charles P.

doi:10.1128/aem.55.12.3045-3050.1989

Cited by 123 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Copper‐silver ionization. Copper and silver ions kill L. pneumophila in vitro 21 , 22 and in situ 23 . Copper and silver ions have also been shown to inhibit amoeba 24 .…”

Section: Disinfection Methods For Legionellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Legionella in water distribution systems

Yuan¹,

Vidić²,

Stout³

et al. 1998

Journal AWWA

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Regular culturing of distribution system samples is the key to successful disinfection. Legionnaires' disease arises from the presence of Legionella in water systems. Legionella can be found within biofilms throughout the entire water distribution system. Control measures such as copper‐silver ionization, superheat‐and‐flush procedures, ultraviolet light, instantaneous heating systems, and hyperchlorination have been applied with variable success. Specific approaches, advantages, disadvantages, and costs of each method are reviewed. Many approaches commonly recommended by public health authorities have not been scientifically validated. Results from routine environmental surveillance cultures for Legionella are the critical component for rational decision‐making.

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“…Copper‐silver ionization. Copper and silver ions kill L. pneumophila in vitro 21 , 22 and in situ 23 . Copper and silver ions have also been shown to inhibit amoeba 24 .…”

Section: Disinfection Methods For Legionellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Legionella in water distribution systems

Yuan¹,

Vidić²,

Stout³

et al. 1998

Journal AWWA

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show abstract

“…After an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease L. pneumophila serogroup 1 in a renal transplant unit in Sao Paulo, Brazil, periodic hyperchlorination and¯ushing of pipes were instituted as control measures, but these were only partially effective, and disease outbreaks continued; electric showers were installed, which overcame the problem (Levin et al, 1995). Copper and silver ions can limit the levels of Legionella in water systems (Landeen et al, 1989;Liu et al, 1994a;Lin et al, 1995;Rohr et al, 1996;Liu et al, 1998;States et al, 1998;. Silver-containing paint can control Legionella over short time periods, but replenishment of silver, which leaches from the paint, is necessary for long-term control (Rogers et al, 1995).…”

Section: Detection and Disinfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Legionella: from environmental habitats to disease pathology, detection and control

Atlas

1999

Environmental Microbiology

213

148

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Studies on Legionella show a continuum from environment to human disease. Legionellosis is caused by Legionella species acquired from environmental sources, principally water sources such as cooling towers, where Legionella grows intracellularly in protozoa within biofilms. Aquatic biofilms, which are widespread not only in nature, but also in medical and dental devices, are ecological niches in which Legionella survives and proliferates and the ultimate sources to which outbreaks of legionellosis can be traced. Invasion and intracellular replication of L. pneumophila within protozoa in the environment play a major role in the transmission of Legionnaires' disease. Protozoa provide the habitats for the environmental survival and reproduction of Legionella species. L. pneumophila proliferates intracellularly in various species of protozoa within vacuoles studded with ribosomes, as it also does within macrophages. Growth within protozoa enhances the environmental survival capability and the pathogenicity (virulence) of Legionella. The growth requirements of Legionella, the ability of Legionella to enter a viable non‐culturable state, the association of Legionella with protozoa and the occurrence of Legionella within biofilms complicates the detection of Legionella and epidemiological investigations of legionellosis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods have been developed for the molecular detection of Legionella and used in environmental and epidemiological studies. Various physical and chemical disinfection methods have been developed to eliminate Legionella from environmental sources, but gaining control of Legionella in environmental waters, where they are protected from disinfection by growing within protozoa and biofilms, remains a challenge, and one that must be overcome in order to eliminate sporadic outbreaks of legionellosis.

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“…Many studies have been conducted on the use of copper and silver ions to disinfect water against microbial biofilms 17,24. These ions are believed to interfere with enzymes involved in cellular respiration and bind DNA at specific sites 25. For this reason, the metal chelating ligands were charged with either copper or silver ions to increase PP biofouling resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of silver‐ and copper‐charged polypropylene feed spacers for biofouling control

Hausman

Escobar

2012

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Implementation of nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) processes in treating traditional water sources can provide a steady-state level of removal that eliminates the need for regeneration of ion exchange resins or granular activated carbon. Moreover, RO can help meet future potable water demands through desalination of seawater and brackish waters. The productivity of membrane filtration is severely lowered by fouling, which is caused by the accumulation of foreign substances on the surface and/or within pores of membranes. Microbial fouling, or biofouling, is the growth of microorganisms on the membrane surface and on the feed spacer as present between the envelopes. The fouling of membranes has demanded and continues to demand considerable attention from industry and research communities. Many of these applications use membranes in a spiral wound configuration that contains a feed spacer. The goal of this project was to develop low-biofouling polypropylene (PP) spacers through the functionalization of PP by a spacer arm with metal chelating ligands charged with biocidal metal ions, investigate the use of this metal-charged polypropylene (PP) feed spacers that target biofouling control, and to use some traditional and one novel techniques to autopsy the membranes after filtration to gain a better understanding of the biofouling mechanism and how the modified spacers are affecting it.

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Efficacy of copper and silver ions and reduced levels of free chlorine in inactivation of Legionella pneumophila

Cited by 123 publications

References 25 publications

Legionella in water distribution systems

Legionella in water distribution systems

Legionella: from environmental habitats to disease pathology, detection and control

A comparison of silver‐ and copper‐charged polypropylene feed spacers for biofouling control

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