Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) against adult Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) under stable conditions in the Mexican dry tropics

Efficacy of <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em> in the control of the horn fly, <em>Haematobia irritans</em> (<em>Diptera: Muscidae</em>), under natural infestation conditions

“…However, the absence of reinfestation limited the possibilities of estimating the longevity of the effect of the fungus. 20 In São Paulo state, Brazil, a region with a sub-tropical climate, a study was performed to evaluate the susceptibility of adult H. irritans flies to a water-based formulation of a strain of M. anisopliae under natural infestation conditions. For this purpose, the formulation had a concentration of 3 x 10 10 conidia /ml and was applied to cattle every five days on four occasions.…”

“…The obtained number was multiplied by two to obtain Original Research an estimate of the total number of flies. 20,28 Climatic factors were registered as reported by the El Llano weather station, the measurements included the average daily temperature (T °C), the average daily relative humidity (RH %) and the rainfall (Rf) during the study period.…”

“…15 Currently, the efficacy of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae as a biological control of H. irritans has been demonstrated under laboratory conditions in both immature and adult stages, [16][17][18][19] as well as in adults under controlled infestation conditions. 20 However, the efficiency of this entomopathogenic fungus has been scarcely studied under field conditions. 21 To advance the development of this biological control, the objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness in reducing the infestation of H irritans on dairy cattle under natural conditions, by applying the strain Ma134 of M. anisopliae by aspersion.…”

Discovery, Development, and Evaluation of a Horn Fly-Isolated (Diptera: Muscidae) Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordyciptaceae) Strain From Florida, USA

“…Certainly, exposure concentration and application technique impacts fungal lethality, and the Lohmeyer and Miller (2006) studies were conducted at ∼340-fold higher concentrations than our high dose, but their exposure concentration was considerably higher than realistic levels for field applications 5×10 9 per gram. Galindo-Velasco et al (2015) evaluated multiple strains of M. anisopliae and I. fumosorosea , previously evaluated in Angel-Sahagún et al (2005) and formulated in a liquid suspension and applied to the backs of individually caged cattle. In this study, >90% horn fly mortality was achieved at 13-d post-application.…”

“…Considerable hurdles to implementation exist, including the location and isolation of horn fly-pathogenic fungal strains with high virulence and accompanying studies that document efficacy. There have been few published research articles on the use of entomopathogenic fungi as an alternative management tool for horn fly (Angel-Sahagún et al 2005; Lohmeyer and Miller 2006; Mochi et al 2010a,b; Galindo-Velasco et al 2015). …”