Efficacy of Fenugreek-based bionanocomposite on renal dysfunction and endogenous intoxication in high-calorie diet-induced obesity rat model—comparative study

Abstract

Background Worldwide obesity spread is a global health problem and needs to be further studied. Co-morbidities of obesity include insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus type 2, and dyslipidemia, which are the most frequent contributing factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS), as well as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic kidney disease. The aim was to study renal function and endogenous intoxication panel on high-calorie diet-induced obesity rat model and perform comparative study of the treatment efficacy of Fenugreek-based bionanocomposite vs antiobesogenic drugs (Orlistat). Materials We included 60 male rats and equally divided them to 6 groups of 10 animals in each group: the experimental groups were firstly assigned as controls and high caloric diet (HCD)-fed groups, and each group further was subdivided to remain untreated, Fenugreek bionanocomposite (BNC)-treated, and Orlistat-treated. Normal control rats (groups 1, 2, 3) were fed by a standard chow, while the others (groups 4, 5, 6) were fed with HCD ad libitum during 98 days. From days 77 to 98, groups 2 and 5 were treated with BNC based on Fenugreek (150 mg/kg body weight, orally) and groups 3 and 6 were treated with antiobesogenic drug Orlistat (10 mg/kg body weight, orally). Food and water consumptions were measured daily and body weights were measured once a week. On day 99, blood was collected; the creatinine, urea, and uric acid were estimated in serum according to the standard protocols. Levels of low and middle molecules (MMs) were measured; the quantity of oligopeptides was estimated by Bradford method. We performed the liver and kidney ultrasonography in rats.Results We revealed an increase in the levels of endogenous intoxication syndrome markers (MM and oligopeptides) in all animals with experimental obesity. Ultrasound data showed injury of the liver and kidneys in obese rats. We observed significant decreasing of MM levels after Orlistat treatment vs controls (p < 0.05). However, this effect was more pronounced in Fenugreek BNC-treated group vs both Orlistattreated and controls (p < 0.05). Orlistat treatment evoked rising of serum creatinine and oligopeptides in control animals

Comparative study of probiotic effects of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria strains on cholesterol levels, liver morphology and the gut microbiota in obese mice

“…It has been proposed that the definition of a prebiotic is 'a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a healthbenefit'.This opens an opportunity to test substances that were not previously considered as prebiotics and can be suggested for use with probiotic strains with synergized activity. Thus, potential candidates can be initially suggested as follows: fenugreek [94], nanomaterials, based on gold, nanoceria [119], selenium [29,120], etc.…”

“…Obesity-induced endotoxemia [94] and liver dysfunction might be modulated by beneficial microbes via immune response, e.g., by TLR [81] to inhibit the cholesterol synthesis signaling pathway in the liver.…”

Towards Individualized Use of Probiotics and Prebiotics for Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases Treatment: Does Pathophysiology-Based Approach Work and Can Anticipated Evidence Be Completed?

“…Monosodium glutamate (MSG, C5H8NO4Na, E 621) is widely distributed and is naturally occurring in various standard foods and increase food intake. MSG can enhance the flavor of bland food, and contain purines, which are directly metabolized into uric acid, as guanylate (E626, E627, E628 and E629), inosinate (E630, E631, E632 and E633), and their compounds ribonucltides (E634 and E635) are metabolized to purines and lead to gdevelopment of hyperuricemia, gout [35]. Because the deleterious effects of MSG, i.e., induced overfeeding, were not seen in the animals fed the fiber-enriched diets [54].…”

“…Thus, as examples, herbal-based biopolymers as fenugreek have antiobesogenic properties and offer effective added value as prebiotic towards the enhancement of probiotic activity [35]. The combined use of probiotics with nanoparticle-based treatment and food supplements is promisingm in particule, nanoparticles of cerium dioxide [36][37][38]65] and gold [66,67] have been known as strong agents against oxidative damage having anti-aging activity, and can demonstrate antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal activity, cardioprotective, neurotrophic, hepato-and nephroprotective, and anti-aging effect, have potential for various biomedical applications [36][37][38].…”

“…as Lactobacillus [188] Fenugreek can be considered a potentially effective prebiotic for a number of beneficial applications and advances in development of treatments of immune-related disorders and decrease MM content to the normal level levels of uric acid and urea in blood in high-calorie diet induced obesity rat model [35]. [190].…”