Efficacy of Jatropha, Annona and Parthenium biowash on Sclerotium rolfsii, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri and Macrophomina phaseolina, pathogens of chickpea and sorghum

Abstract

The demand for products and technologies based on plants to control plant pathogens has increased in recent years due to concern about the use of hazardous pesticides. In the present investigation, washings of vermicompost (called biowash) prepared from foliage of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas), Annona (Annona squamosa) and Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) were evaluated against fungal pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (FOC; causes wilt in chickpea), Sclerotium rolfsii (causes collar rot in chickpea) and Macrophomina phaseolina (causes charcoal rot in sorghum). Crude biowash of the botanicals were partitioned against ethyl acetate and the resultant organic and aqueous fractions were tested against the fungi. Similarly, crude biowash was also passed through C18 solid phase extraction cartridges and the resultant adsorbed and non-adsorbed fractions were tested against the fungi. Organic fractions of all the three biowash at 0.5% inhibited the growth of S. rolfsii between 78 and 87%, M. phaseolina between 62 and 65%, whereas only Parthenium was able to effectively inhibit FOC (91%), compared to control. Adsorbed fractions of all the three biowash at 0.5% inhibited the growth of S. rolfsii between 81 and 92%, M. phaseolina between 76 and 77% and FOC between 26 and 49%, compared to control. Both aqueous and non-adsorbed fractions of all the three biowash did not inhibit any of the fungi. Since Jatropha biowash showed consistently higher levels of inhibition (>80%) in both fractionation methods on S. rolfsii, this was selected for further purification of their secondary metabolites. When the organic fraction of Jatropha biowash was further fractionated by C18 open column chromatography with eluent 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% MeOH fractions, only 80% methanol (MeOH) fraction was found to inhibit S. rolfsii. The active 80% MeOH fraction showed three clear bands when chromatographed on Silica Gel 60 F 254 thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates with Rf values 0.95, 0.90 and 0.70. Hence, it was concluded that one of these three bands could be the active ingredients that inhibited S. rolfsii and can be further exploited as a bio-fungicide.

In Vitro Compatibility of an Acetogenin-Based Bioinsecticide with Three Species of Entomopathogenic Fungi

“…Our results, obtained in vitro assays, indicate that ESAM is compatible, at the concentrations recommended for managing the target arthropod pest species (< 4,000 ppm), with the 3 fungal species studied, which are important microbial control agents in Brazil. In contrast to our results, some studies conducted with the aim of developing new biofungicides reported the toxicity of derivatives of A. squamosa or of acetogenins isolated from extracts prepared from its different structures to different fungal species that cause diseases in humans and crops, as well as mycotoxin-producing species in stored food (Gopalakrishnan et al 2010;Dang et al 2011;Vidyasagar et al 2012). However, the following factors may explain the differences observed: variations in the chemical profiles of the acetogenins (with their marked structure-activity relationship perculiarities) present in the derivatives of the different species, the use of different solvents and/or extraction methods (with their different selectivity/extraction capacity levels), and the different tolerances of fungal species to the active components.…”

Management of diseases and insect-pests of French bean in Northwestern Indian Himalayan region using integrated approaches

“…However, maximum yield (7.0 t ha -1 ) was recorded with amendment of L. camara @ 20 t ha -1 followed by U. parviflora @ 10 t ha -1 (6.98 t ha -1 ) and P. hysterophorus (6.85 t ha -1 ). In this study, soil incorporation of P. hysterophorus, L. camara and U. parviflora resulted in maximum seedling emergence and reduction in root rot incidence which is in accordance with the findings of Angiras (2008) and Subramaniam et al (2010). Soil amendment is a practice, which favours plant development, improves soil quality as well as having suppressive effect on many soil-borne plant pathogens (Nawar, 2008;Elwakil et al, 2009).…”

“…Washings of vermicompost (biowash) prepared from foliage of Jatr opha (Jatropha curcas), Annona (Annona squamosa) and parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) were reported to be effective against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (wilt of chickpea), Sclerotium rolfsii (collar rot of chickpea) and Macrophomina phaseolina (Subramaniam et al, 2010). Similarly, leaf extracts (20%) of neem and chinaberry were reported to inhibit Alternaria solani and F. oxysporum f. sp.…”

Effect of Plant Extracts, Bio Agents and Fungicides against Sclerotium rolfsii Causing Collar Rot in Chickpea

“…extract in water as solvent. Subramaniam et al [19] reported that organic fractions of Parthenium, Jatropha and Annona biowash at 0.5% concentration inhibited the biomass production of S. rolfsii by 85, 87 and 78%, respectively, compared to control. In present investigation maximum reduction in biomass production of S. rolfsii was observed.…”