Efficacy of permethrin-impregnated uniforms in the prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iranian soldiers

Asilian, Ali; Sadeghinia, Ali; Shariati, F.; Jome, M. Imam; Ghoddusi, A.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00476.x

Cited by 28 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The Australian Defence Forces have been using permethrin-treated uniforms since the early 1990s (Frances and Cooper 2007), whereas the French Army has developed longlasting permethrin-treated battlefield uniforms (Deparis et al 2001). Apart from mosquitoes, the impregnated uniforms were found to provide protection against ticks, sand flies and lice (Schreck et al 1982;Sholdt et al 1989;Asilian et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of permethrin-impregnated military uniforms for contact toxicity against mosquitoes and persistence in repeated washings

Gopalakrishnan

Chaurasia

Baruah

et al. 2013

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The loss of permethrin from impregnated uniforms due to repeated washings was studied by chromatographic estimation of the residues. The mean (± SE mean ) percentage losses of permethrin after one to five washings were 16.7 ± 2.3, 22.5 ± 3, 29.6 ± 2.9, 40.2 ± 2 and 52.2 ± 2.4, respectively. The reduction in contact toxicity against mosquitoes after each washing was studied by World Health Organization tube and cone bioassays against Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. The median knockdown time for 5-min exposure to the treated uniforms increased from 5.9 to 71.8 min after five washings. Mosquito mortality 24 h post-exposure in cone bioassays was \80 % after the fifth washing, indicating the loss of efficacy. The uniforms need to be retreated after five washings so as to ensure adequate protection against disease vectors. The washing water should be properly disposed off to prevent environmental contamination and toxicity to aquatic organisms. Methods for treatment of military uniforms, which ensure high resistance to washing, need to be adopted so as to avoid frequent re-impregnations with permethrin.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of permethrin-impregnated military uniforms for contact toxicity against mosquitoes and persistence in repeated washings

Gopalakrishnan

Chaurasia

Baruah

et al. 2013

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Current DoD doctrine emphasizes the use of permethrin treatment of uniforms and use of DEET on exposed skin as the primary defense against sand ßy bites, but studies show that permethrin treatment of uniforms on its own may not be an effective way to prevent or even reduce cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in soldiers (for example, Asilian et al 2003). Any control program against sand ßy vectors of Leishmania should consist of a suite of control factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of ULV Applications Against Old World Sand Fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) Species in Equatorial Kenya

et al. 2011

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Reducing populations of phlebotomine sand flies in areas prevalent for human leishmaniases is of ongoing importance to United States military operations and civilian populations in endemic regions. However, not enough is known regarding the efficacy of Department of Defense-approved pesticides and equipment against sand flies; specifically, the potential for ultra-low volume (ULV) pesticide applications to control Old World sand fly vectors. In this study we examine two sprayers, the Terminator ULV and the Grizzly ULV, with UV-labeled Duet and Fyfanon in four combinations against caged Phlebotomus duboscqi (Neveu-Lemaire) and wild sand fly populations in a natural environment in western Kenya. All equipment and Fyfanon have United States military National Stock Numbers and both pesticides are registered with the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Caged sand flies were reared from local P. duboscqi and the area has long been studied because of high incidences of human cutaneous and visceral Leishmania. Patterns of mortality across grids of caged sand flies showed greater efficacy from the Grizzly ULV regardless of chemical. The Terminator ULV performed well with Duet but with a less uniform and overall lower rate of mortality across the spray grid. Sampling of wild populations before and after treatments suggested local population suppression from ULV treatments, as well as a possible repellent effect in nearby untreated areas. Surprisingly, ULV active ingredient deposition inferred from patterns of UV-labeled droplets captured on cotton ribbons adjacent to sand fly cages in spray plots did not match patterns of mortality. We discuss the implications of this study, the first of its kind, for future military preventive medicine activities, including relative performance costs and benefits of larger or smaller sprayers, and the relative stability of ULV-induced mortality patterns in varied or sub-optimal conditions.

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“…[7161718] Although this strategy is being carried out annually in the infected areas of the Isfahan province, the cost-effectiveness of this strategy has not yet been analyzed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic evaluation of using pesticides to control cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan

et al. 2018

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Objective:Pesticides have been used as the main part of the national cutaneous leishmaniasis control program for serveral years in Iran. However, the cost-effectiveness of this strategy has not been yet analyzed. The aim of this study is to to analyze the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of using pesticides as the main strategy to prevent rural CL in Isfahan.Methods:This is an economic evaluation study performed from a health system perspective to estimate the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of the control strategy with and without pesticides. The outcome measures are incidence rate of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The cost-effectiveness and cost-utility have been analyzed by calculating incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Data of cost and incidence rate obtained from the health centers of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Vice-Chancellery for Health. The disability weight was obtained from the literature. A one-way sensitivity analysis was applied with a 20% increase and decrease in costs.Findings:The total cost of control program in 2013 and 2014 were US$578,453 (ppp) and US$14,978.2 (ppp), respectively. The incidence rate of cutaneous leishmaniasis was estimated at 1396 and 1277 (per 100,000 population in hyperendemic areas where pesticides have been used) in 2013 and 2014, respectively. DALY lost due to disease was estimated to be 8.024 and 7.342 in 2013 and 2014, correspondingly. Both the cost-effectiveness and the cost-utility analyses resulted in negative ICERs, lying in the rejection area of the ICER plane.Conclusion:The use of pesticides to prevent cutaneous leishmaniasis (rural sicker) in Isfahan province has not proved to offer a reduction in the incidence rate of cutaneous leishmaniasis as well as reduction in DALYs lost. However, due to data availability limitation, the time frame for this study was limited. A prospective design with longitudinal data is recommended to be used by future research. Other alternatives to raise population awareness about different aspects of disease should be also considered for evaluation.

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Efficacy of permethrin-impregnated uniforms in the prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iranian soldiers

Abstract: Permethrin-impregnated uniforms are not effective for the prevention of CL.

Cited by 28 publications

References 14 publications

Evaluation of permethrin-impregnated military uniforms for contact toxicity against mosquitoes and persistence in repeated washings

Evaluation of permethrin-impregnated military uniforms for contact toxicity against mosquitoes and persistence in repeated washings

Evaluation of ULV Applications Against Old World Sand Fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) Species in Equatorial Kenya

Economic evaluation of using pesticides to control cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan

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