Efficacy of Phytochemicals Derived from Roots of Rondeletia odorata as Antioxidant, Antiulcer, Diuretic, Skin Brightening and Hemolytic Agents—A Comprehensive Biochemical and In Silico Study

Abstract

Roots of Rondeletia odorata are a rich source of phytochemicals with high antioxidant potential and thus may possess health benefits. This study used the LC-MS technique to identify phytoconstituents in R. odorata roots extract/fractions. Results revealed that n-butanol fraction and ethanolic extract contained total phenolic and flavonoid contents with values of 155.64 ± 0.66 mgGAE/g DE and 194.94 ± 0.98 mgQE/g DE, respectively. Significant potential of antioxidants was observed by DPPH, CUPRAC and FRAP methods while the ABTS method showed moderate antioxidant potential. Maximum % inhibition for urease, tyrosinase and carbonic anhydrase was shown by ethanolic extract (73.39 ± 1.11%), n-butanol soluble fraction (80.26 ± 1.59%) and ethyl acetate soluble fraction (76.50 ± 0.67%) which were comparable with thiourea (standard) (98.07 ± 0.74%), kojic acid (standard) (98.59 ± 0.92%) and acetazolamide (standard) (95.51 ± 1.29%), respectively, while all other extract/fractions showed moderate inhibition activity against these three enzymes. Hemolytic activity was also observed to range from 18.80 ± 0.42 to 3.48 ± 0.69% using the standard (triton X-100) method. In total, 28 and 20 compounds were identified tentatively by LC-MS analysis of ethanolic extract and n-butanol soluble fraction, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking was undertaken for major compounds identified by LC-MS for determining binding affinity between enzymes (urease, tyrosinase and carbonic anhydrase) and ligands. It was concluded that active phytochemicals were present in roots of R. odorata with potential for multiple pharmacological applications and as a latent source of pharmaceutically important compounds. This should be further explored to isolate important constituents that could be used in treating different diseases.

Metabolic Profiling by GC-MS, In Vitro Biological Potential, and In Silico Molecular Docking Studies of Verbena officinalis

“…The maximum hemolytic value was 14.5 ± 1.20% for NBVO and the minimum hemolytic value was 6.5 ± 0.94% for CRVO. Results confirmed that V. officinalis is a safe and non-toxic plant due to less than 30% of hemolysis activity [ 1 ].…”

“…The IC 50 value for Urease inhibition of Terminalia neotaliala different extract/fractions is 1.79−3.54 mg·mL −1 [ 62 ]. The different extract/fractions of Rondeletia odorata at a concentration of 5 mg·mL −1 revealed urease inhibition of 45.69–73.39% [ 1 ]. The significant urease inhibitory activity of EAVO may be validated due to some bioactive constituents found in GC-MS of ethyl acetate fraction such as 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester [ 63 ], 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 3-methyl- [ 64 ].…”

“…Therefore, it is necessary to assess the potential hemolytic activity of several of the regularly utilized plants [ 76 ]. The plant extracts are considered dangerous to erythrocytes if there is more than 30% hemolysis [ 1 ].…”

“…The existence of a wide range of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants has led to extensive investigation of these plants in recent years to identify the lead compound that can contribute to the management of chronic diseases and therapeutic effectiveness [ 1 ]. There has been an increase in scientific interest in medicinal plants [ 2 ].…”

Phytochemical Profiling, In Vitro Biological Activities, and In-Silico Studies of Ficus vasta Forssk.: An Unexplored Plant

“…Therefore, it is important to evaluate the possible hemolytic activity of a number of the frequently used herbs. When there is more than 30% hemolysis, the plant extracts are thought to be harmful to erythrocytes [ 73 ]. Table 7 displays the hemolytic activity of aerial parts of the entire F. vasta plant.…”