Efficacy of plants extracts from the Cerrado against adult female of Dermacentor nitens (Acari: Ixodidae)

Abstract

Dermacentor nitens tick is commonly found in the equine auditory canal, where it causes economic losses due to its direct damage, causing blood spoliation, stress, transmission of pathogens, and predisposition to myasis and secondary bacterial infection in its hosts. In this study we evaluated the effect of ethanolic extracts of Cerrado plants on biological parameters of engorged females of D. nitens. Ethanolic extracts were prepared from the leaves of Schinopsis brasiliensis, Piptadenia viridiflora, Ximenia americana, and Serjania lethalis at 25-150 mg mL. Groups of 10 engorged adult females were treated with these extracts and compared with a control containing distilled water and another control with organophosphate, using five replicates for each group. Compared with the control with water, S. lethalis and X. americana extracts at 100 and 150 mg mL significantly inhibited the posture ability. Differently, extracts of S. brasiliensis and P. viridiflora were the most effective in inhibiting larval hatching. Extracts of X. americana and P. viridiflora showed effective inhibition of reproductive parameters of the tick, presenting dose-dependent effect with IC 78.86 and 78.94 mg mL, respectively. Theses effective extracts contained low condensed tannin levels and their HPLC chromatograms revealed the presence of flavonoids. The efficacies of P. viridiflora and X. americana extracts were higher than 90% indicating that these extracts are promising as alternative agents for D. nitens control.

The First Study for The Acaricidal Activity of Alcoholic Extracts of Adiantum capillus-veneris and Funaria hygrometric against Argas persicus

“…Whereas, various alcoholic extracts (ethanolic and methanolic) of different parts for numerous plants, e.g. Acmella oleracea, Ageratum conyzoides, Aloe rupestris, Argemone mexicana, Artemisia absinthium, Berberis tinctoria, Caesalpinia gaumeri, Cissus quadrangularis, Clematis brachiata, Cleome gynandra, Dalbergia sissoo, Datura metel, D. stramonium, Dodonaea viscose, Eupatorium adenophorum, Euphorbia rothiana, Neoglaziovia variegata, Ficus sycomorus, Lobelia leschenaultiana, Monsonia angustifolia, Pelargonium luridium, Semecarpus anacardium, Solanum sisymbrifolium, Strobilanthes foliosus, Schkuhria pinnata, Sclerocarya birrea and Tabernaemontana elegans…..etc., recorded 10-100% efficiency against hard ticks within 24 hours to 14 days of treatment (Dantas et al, 2015;Ghosh et al, 2015a, b;Godara et al, 2015Godara et al, , 2018Banumathi et al, 2016;Cruz et al, 2016;Kumar et al, 2016;Muyobela et al, 2016;Singh et al, 2016;Anholeto et al, 2017;Rosado-Aguilar et al, 2017;Fouche et al, 2017Fouche et al, , 2019Vasconcelos et al, 2018;Figueiredo et al, 2019;Politi et al, 2019;Kemal et al, 2020;Upadhaya et al, 2020). Notably, the ticks killing activity of all extracts increases with increasing concentration and exposure time (Kemal et al, 2020).…”

Efficacy of resin and ethanol extract from leaves of Protium spruceanum (Bent) Engl. combined with Cypermethrin to control Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887)

“…microplus. However, Vasconcelos et al (2018) tested ethanolic extracts of cerrado plants with low tannin content against the tick Dermacentor nitens but did not observe the acaricidal potential of tannins. Although the presence of tannin was not observed in the crude resin from P. spruceanum, the presence of other secondary metabolites could contribute to the acaricidal effect on R. microplus larvae here demonstrated.…”

“…Then, three 200 μl aliquots of this suspension were placed on glass slides to count the eggs, larval eggs, and larvae under an optical microscope with a 10x objective and to determine the hatching rate of each group. All procedures related to hatching tests were triplicated (Vasconcelos et al, 2018).…”

Plant-Derived Natural Compounds for Tick Pest Control in Livestock and Wildlife: Pragmatism or Utopia?

“…Four tannin-rich plant extracts (Acacia pennatula, Piscidia piscipula, Leucaena leucocephala, and Lysiloma latisiliquum) showed acaricidal effects against larvae of R. microplus (54.8%, 88.14%, 66.79%, and 56.0%, respectively), but no effect on adults or egg-laying [84]. Ethanolic extracts prepared from the leaves of Schinopsis brasiliensis (CTs 0.36%), Piptadenia viridifora (CTs 1.01%), Ximenia americana (CTs 0.35%), and Serjania lethalis (CTs 3.37%) at 25 to 150 mg/mL were tested for A. nitens control [158,159]. Extracts of X. americana and P. viridifora showed effective inhibition of tick reproductive parameters (LC 90 78.9 and 78.9 mg/mL, respectively), even though these plant species have low CT concentrations.…”