Efficacy of Soap and Water and Alcohol‐Based Hand‐Rub Preparations against Live H1N1 Influenza Virus on the Hands of Human Volunteers

Grayson, M. Lindsay; Melvani, Sharmila; Druce, Julian; Barr, Ian G.; Ballard, Susan A; Johnson, Paul; Mastorakos, Tasoula; Birch, Christopher

doi:10.1086/595845

Cited by 209 publications

(174 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…On account of this, the health care system needs to be aware of the safety of their HCWs because they are at significant risk of getting infected and also of transmitting the disease to patients 15 . Besides vaccination (as far as available), hand hygiene (disinfection and/or washing), masks, protective clothing, gloves and protective goggles were reported to be the most effective personal protective equipment against the influenza virus 4 , 17 , 18 . However, required protective measures should be evaluated with regard to practicability and effectiveness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitudes of influenza-vaccinated health care workers toward masks to prevent nosocomial transmission of influenza

Brandt

Rabenau

Wicker

2010

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses

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Please cite this paper as: Brandt et al. (2010) Attitudes of influenza‐vaccinated health care workers toward masks to prevent nosocomial transmission of influenza. . Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(1), 61–66. Background Influenza viruses are highly contagious. Health care workers (HCWs) are at risk of occupational exposure to influenza and may transmit the infection to their patients and coworkers. Objectives The aim of the study was to characterize the attitudes of HCWs regarding the use of surgical masks to prevent nosocomial influenza transmission. Furthermore, we assessed the informational needs of HCWs with regard to infection control measures. Methods A survey was conducted among HCWs, using an anonymous questionnaire, at a German University Hospital during an influenza vaccination campaign. Results Overall, 40·5% of the HCWs were vaccinated against seasonal influenza, and 35·2% were vaccinated against Influenza A/H1N1 (“swine flu”). In total, 1445 vaccinees completed the anonymous questionnaire. Of all respondents, 70·5% stated that the infection control recommendation “wearing a surgical” mask was appropriate to avoid influenza transmission. The percentage of HCWs who would like to have had more information about the infection control measures was 67·5%. Conclusions Appropriate interventions ought to be taken to reduce the risk of exposure to influenza viruses among HCWs. Adherence to recommendations for the use of masks among HCWs needs to be evaluated. Further work is required to highlight the informational needs of HCWs to gain an appreciation of infection control measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitudes of influenza-vaccinated health care workers toward masks to prevent nosocomial transmission of influenza

Brandt

Rabenau

Wicker

2010

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses

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“…However, evidence suggests that both soap and water and various preparations of alcohol-based hand rub are effective in inactivating H1N1 pandemic strain influenza on human hands. 29 Assessing compliance with hand hygiene interventions was not carried out in a consistent way across studies, so apparent lack of effect may have been due to poor compliance rather than lack of effectiveness. In studies where compliance data were used to inform analyses, greater protective effects were seen in those with the best compliance.…”

Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may be unsurprising as young children are both less likely to practise good hand hygiene and more prone to experience a relatively heavy burden of influenza-related morbidity. 42 There is good biological plausibility for an effect 43 : improving hand hygiene is likely to reduce transmission of influenza and other respiratory tract viruses by interrupting fomite and to some extent droplet spread, 29,44,45 although it is unlikely to affect aerosol transmission. The likely impact of hand hygiene depends on the relative importance of these different modes of influenza transmission and is likely to be situation-specific, for example, it may be less effective for repeated exposures.…”

Section: Interpretation and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hand hygiene to reduce community transmission of influenza and acute respiratory tract infection: a systematic review

Warren‐Gash

Fragaszy

Hayward

2012

Influenza Resp Viruses

104

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Hand hygiene may be associated with modest protection against some acute respiratory tract infections, but its specific role in influenza transmission in different settings is unclear. We aimed to review evidence that improving hand hygiene reduces primary and secondary transmission of (i) influenza and (ii) acute respiratory tract infections in community settings. We searched Medline, Embase, Global Health and Cochrane databases up to 13 February 2012 for reports in any language of original research investigating the effect of hand hygiene on influenza or acute respiratory tract infection where aetiology was unspecified in community settings including institutions such as schools, and domestic residences. Data were presented and quality rated across outcomes according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. Sixteen articles met inclusion criteria. There was moderate to low-quality evidence of a reduction in both influenza and respiratory tract infection with hand hygiene interventions in schools, greatest in a lower-middle-income setting. There was high-quality evidence of a small reduction in respiratory infection in childcare settings. There was high-quality evidence for a large reduction in respiratory infection with a hand hygiene intervention in squatter settlements in a low-income setting. There was moderate-to highquality evidence of no effect on secondary transmission of influenza in households that had already experienced an index case. While hand hygiene interventions have potential to reduce transmission of influenza and acute respiratory tract infections, their effectiveness varies depending on setting, context and compliance.

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“…However, these precautions should not be advocated as replacements or alternatives to specific measures such as vaccination (1,33,34). In the present study, 95.6% of parents thought that vaccination was not the most effective measure against the influenza virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Attitudes towards influenza vaccination in high socioeconomic status Turkish parents

Gündüz¹,

Yüksel²,

Aktoprak³

et al. 2014

Turk J Med Sci

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The present study was conducted to determine the phenological changes in the content of main flavonoids, namely amentoflavone, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin, avicularin, rutin, (+)-catechin, and (-)-epicatechin in different tissues of Hypericum pruinatum, a promising medicinal herb of the Turkish flora. The wild-growing and greenhouse-grown plants were harvested at vegetative, floral budding, full flowering, fresh fruiting, and mature fruiting stages and dissected into stem, leaf, and reproductive tissues, which were dried separately and subsequently assayed for flavonoid contents by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Chemical contents in whole plants increased during plant phenology and were similar quantitatively for both wild and greenhouse-grown plants. Depending on development stages, reproductive parts produced higher amounts of rutin, quercetin, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatectin, and amentoflavone; however, leaves accumulated the highest level of hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, and avicularin. The present results indicated a close relationship between flavonoid content in plant parts and phenological development of plants. It is suggested that the raw plant should be harvested during flowering for medicinal purposes.

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Efficacy of Soap and Water and Alcohol‐Based Hand‐Rub Preparations against Live H1N1 Influenza Virus on the Hands of Human Volunteers

Abstract: HH with SW or alcohol-based hand rub is highly effective in reducing influenza A virus on human hands, although SW is the most effective intervention. Appropriate HH may be an important public health initiative to reduce pandemic and avian influenza transmission.

Cited by 209 publications

References 26 publications

Attitudes of influenza-vaccinated health care workers toward masks to prevent nosocomial transmission of influenza

Attitudes of influenza-vaccinated health care workers toward masks to prevent nosocomial transmission of influenza

Hand hygiene to reduce community transmission of influenza and acute respiratory tract infection: a systematic review

Attitudes towards influenza vaccination in high socioeconomic status Turkish parents

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