Efficacy of the combination of BRII-196/BRII-198 in the treatment of COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections

Abstract

Background: are two recombinant human immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that non-competitively target distinct epitope regions within the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the coronavirus spike glycoproteins. These antibodies are derived directly from human B cells of individuals who recovered from COVID-19. Objective: To analyze the efficacy of in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine breakthrough infections. Methods: COVID-19 patients at high risk of progressing to severe and critical illness, with an initial SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibody level < 1.0 S/CO (detected within 24-48 hours post COVID-19 diagnosis), were treated with BRII-196/BRII-198 within three days of symptom onset. Treatment continued until the antibody level exceeded 1.0 S/CO. Patients whose absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) at first detection (within 24-48 h post-diagnosis) was < 0.8 × 10 9 /L received thymalfasin therapy within three days of symptom onset, continuing until the ALC level surpassed 0.8 × 10 9 /L. We determined the correlation of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody level and ALC with the condition of COVID-19 patients. Additionally, we analyzed the effects of BRII-196/BRII-198 on SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid (NA) negative conversion, lymphocyte count recovery, and the change in SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody level from the first positive NA test for SARS-CoV-2 to negative conversion in COVID-19 patients. Results: A total of 61 cases of breakthrough infections were observed, classified as 10 mild cases, 31 ordinary cases, and 20 severe cases. Among these, 20%, 48.4% and 75% of the patients with mild, ordinary, and severe COVID-19, respectively, had initial SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody level < 1.0 S/CO. Additionally, 0%, 35% and 70% had initial ALC < 0.8 × 10 9 /L, respectively. Fifteen ordinary and 15 severe COVID-19 patients were treated with In severely infected patients, BRII-196/BRII-198 treatment showed statistically significant differences in NA negative conversion time and changes in SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels (P < 0.05). However, in patients classified with ordinary severity, BRII-196/BRII-198 treatment did not lead to notable differences in NA negative conversion time or changes in SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody level (P > 0.05). BRII-196/BRII-198 therapy was not associated with lymphocyte count recovery time in patients with either ordinary and/or severe COVID-19 (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The initial levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody and lymphocytes in fully vaccinated patients with breakthrough infections are inversely correlated with the severity of the disease. Early treatment with BRII-196/ BRII-198 can shorten NA negative conversion time in severe COVID-19 patients and increase in vivo neutralizing antibody levels post-conversion, providing lasting protection. However, BRII-196/BRII-198 does not influence lymphocyte count recovery in patients with either ordinary and/or severe COVID-19.