Efficacy of transdermal flunixin in mitigating castration pain in piglets

Abstract

Castration is a painful procedure performed in swine and to date, there are no approved products available in the US to alleviate this pain. Previous work evaluating the efficacy of flunixin meglumine has shown promise in mitigating pain in swine, but no work to date has evaluated transdermal flunixin efficacy in mitigating castration pain in piglets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of transdermal flunixin (TDF) in mitigating castration pain utilizing a previously validated behavioral pain scale. A total of 98 Large White x Duroc cross male piglets from 98 litters were enrolled in this study. Piglets were randomly assigned to the following treatments: (1) TDF plus castration (3.33 mg/kg; CF; n = 24), (2) TDF plus sham castration (3.33 mg/kg; SF; n = 26), (3) topical physiological saline plus sham castration (S; n = 24), or (4) topical physiological saline plus castration (C; n = 24). All treatments were administered 24 h prior to castration. Four-min continuous videos clips were collected 24 h before castration (−24 h), immediately post-castration (0 h), and 24 h post-castration (+24 h). Video clips were then observed and scored by one trained observer using a 4-point pain scale (score 0–3) encompassing the five behavioral domains of the pig acute pain scale (UPAPS). Total pain score averages were analyzed as repeated measures by analysis of variance applying a multilevel model. The UPAPS effectively distinguished varying levels of painful and non-painful states in castrated piglets as observed via deviations in total pain scores across timepoints (P < 0.0001), treatment (P < 0.001) and treatment*timepoint (P < 0.0001). Immediately post-castration (0 h), piglets in the C and CF group demonstrated greater total average pain scores than piglets in the S (P < 0.03) and SF (P < 0.01) groups and castrated piglets treated with TDF demonstrated lower total pain scores (P < 0.05) and required less analgesic intervention immediately post-castration compared to castrated piglets receiving no treatment (P < 0.0001). For C group 54% required rescue analgesia compared to 29%, 8% and 0% for CF, SF and S piglets respectively. Future work should evaluate implementation of this pain management protocol on a wide scale commercial farm setting.

Efficacy of inguinal buffered lidocaine and intranasal flunixin meglumine on mitigating physiological and behavioral responses to pain in castrated piglets

“…Blood was collected 24 h prior to (−24 h), 1 h (1 h), and 24 h post castration (24 h, Figure 2 ). Blood samples were collected using the technique described in other studies ( 24 , 27 ). The orbital sinus cavity was punctured using an Excel® disposable hypodermic needle 20G (Exel International, Quebec, Canada) and deposited into a 4 ml BD® red vacutainer serum tube (Med Vet International, Mettawa, IL).…”

“…Upon obtaining results from the physiological assessment of treatments in Part I, a follow-up behavioral study was conducted to assess the efficacy of lidocaine and FM in combination on mitigating castration pain in pigs using a validated piglet pain scale ( 24 , 28 , 29 ). Another cohort of piglets was enrolled in this second part of this study consisting of a total of 119 Large White x Duroc cross male piglets (60 and 59 piglets for C and CLF respectively, Table 2 ).…”

“…Each piglet was scored by one trained observer at the following timepoints: 1 h before castration (−1 h), immediately post-castration (0 h), and 3 h post-castration (+3 h, Figure 3 ). The 4-min sampling time was obtained from the methodology previously validated ( 24 , 28 , 29 ). Treatments were masked, randomized, and applied to each piglet by a senior researcher.…”

“…This product can be administered via multiple routes including intramuscular, intravenous, topical, and oral ( 19 ). Previous work assessing FM efficacy in mitigating castration pain has shown the drug to be effective in pigs and other farm animal species undergoing castration ( 20 – 24 ).…”

“…Transdermal Flunixin meglumine was effective in mitigating pain in castrated pigs ( 24 ), suggesting its use as a pharmaceutical option to control pain in large commercial farms given its advantage as a non-invasive, extra-label administration route. To the author's knowledge, no studies to date have evaluated the efficacy of intranasal FM administration in piglets undergoing castration.…”