Efficiency and degradation of a copper indium diselenide photovoltaic module and yearly output at a sunny site in Jordan

Validated real-time energy models for small-scale grid-connected PV-systems

“…The air mass (AM) is the ratio of the mass of air that the direct radiation has to traverse at any given time and location to the mass of air that it would traverse if the sun were at the zenith [23]. The air mass is calculated for any time of day at any day of the year from the sun's altitude F (in degrees) using the equation given as [24]:…”

Techno-economic performance comparison of crystalline and thin film PV panels under varying meteorological conditions: A high solar resource southern hemisphere case

“…The market share of CIGS thin film technology annual production has increased from approximately 1% in 2007 to 2% in 2017 [7]. This can be attributed to increase in solar cell efficiency of thin film technology over the past fifteen years [7], [8], [9], [10]. The module efficiency of CIGS has been measured to be 10 to 14.5% compared to 15 to 20% efficiency of monocrystalline and 13 to 16% efficiency of polycrystalline technologies [11].…”

Testing of DNT and TNT by the Mini‐Autoclave Method

“…For the thin film devices such as amorphous silicon (a‐Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe) or copper indium gallium diseleneide (CIGS) there is more literature dedicated to degradation phenomena. Both detailed mechanistic studies, modeling and technological solutions have been reported for a‐Si11–21 and more phenomenological studies and elucidation of degradation mechanisms for CdTe22–28 and CIGS29–41 linked to back electrode diffusion and water ingress. For the polymer and organic solar cells the existing body of literature on degradation far exceed all the other technologies taken as a whole and this significant point has to be considered while remembering that the polymer and organic solar cells are only about to enter the market.…”