“…These losses are primarily caused by treatment costs, milk production decrease, milk disposal, infertility, repeated breeding, and a high annual culling rate of dairy cows, which represents immediate losses in the event of treatment failure. (Paiano et al, 2021;Ghallab et al, 2023).Postpartum uterine illnesses affect dairy herds at a median rate of 10%, as it can range from 3% to 40%. Bovine uterine inflammation reveals as one of four clinical or subclinical forms: pyometra, metritis, clinical endometritis (CE), and subclinical endometritis (SE) (Barański et al, 2022).About 40% of dairy cows suffer from endometritis, a frequent postpartum illness that has a substantial negative influence on the health and reproductive abilities of cattle.…”