Efficiency of Particle Retention and Filtration Rate in Four Species of Ascidians

Randløv, Anders; Riisgård, HU

doi:10.3354/meps001055

Cited by 95 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The gorgonian Paramuricea clavata fed predominantly on detritus and zooplankton. These results are consistent with the size spectrum of efficient filtration reported for sponges and ascidians (Randøv & Riisgård 1979, Jørgensen et al 1984, Ribes et al 1998a, 1999a. The retention spectrum of passive filter feeding in gorgonians ranges from 3.8 µm (nanoeukaryotes) to large seston particles several hundred microns in diameter, such as detrital particles and zooplankton (Coma et al 1994, Ribes et al 1998b, 1999b.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consensupporting

confidence: 85%

The ultimate opportunists: consumers of seston

Coma

Ribes²,

Gili³

et al. 2001

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consensupporting

confidence: 85%

The ultimate opportunists: consumers of seston

Coma

Ribes²,

Gili³

et al. 2001

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Cilia on the papillae or longitudinal pharyngeal bars transport the endless mucus net, with the retained food particles, to the dorsal side where it is rolled into a cord which is passed downwards into the oesophagus as an Riisgård et al (1992) continuous string (MacGinitie 1939, Millar 1971, FialaMédioni 1978. Particles down to 2 or 3 µm are completely retained (Randløv & Riisgård 1979, Jørgensen et al 1984, and electron microscope studies of the mucus net have revealed that in the fixed state, it is composed of 10 to 40 nm thick fibres arranged in rectangular meshes that vary between 0.2 and 0.5 µm in width and between 0.5 and 2.2 µm in length (Fig. 13B,C) (Flood & Fiala-Médioni 1981).…”

Section: Tunicatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle capture mechanisms in suspension-feeding invertebrates

Riisgård¹,

Larsen²

2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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214

179

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A large number of suspension-feeding aquatic animals (e.g. bivalves, polychaetes, ascidians, bryozoans, crustaceans, sponges, echinoderms, cnidarians) have specialized in grazing on not only the 2 to 200 µm phytoplankton but frequently also the 0.5 to 2 µm free-living bacteria, or they have specialized in capturing larger prey, e.g. zooplankton organisms. We review the different particle capture mechanisms in order to illustrate the many solutions to the common problem of obtaining nourishment from a dilute suspension of microscopic food particles. Despite the many differences in morphology and living conditions, particle capture mechanisms may be divided into 2 main types. (1) Filtering or sieving (e.g. through mucus nets, stiff cilia, filter setae), which is found in passive suspension feeders that rely on external currents to bring suspended particles to the filter, and in active suspension feeders that themselves produce a feeding flow by a variety of pump systems. Here the inventiveness of nature does not lie in the capture mechanism but in the type of pump system and filter pore-size. (2) A paddle-like flow manipulating system (e.g. cilia, cirri, tentacles, hair-bearing appendages) that acts to redirect an approaching suspended particle, often along with a surrounding 'fluid parcel', to a strategic location for arrest or further transport. Examples include (1) sieving (e.g. by microvilli in sponge choanocytes, mucus nets in polychaetes, acidians, and salps among others), filter setae in crustaceans, 'ciliary sieving' by stiff laterofrontal cilia in bryozoans and phoronids; and (2) 'cirri trapping' in mussels and other bivalves with eu-laterofrontal cirri, ciliary 'catch-up' in bivalve and gastropod veliger larvae, some polychaetes, entroprocts, and cycliophores. These capture mechanisms may involve contact with a particle, and possibly mechanoreception or chemoreception, or may include redirection of particles by the interaction of multiple currents (e.g. in scallops and other bivalves without eu-laterofrontal cirri). Based on the review, we discuss the current physical and biological understanding of the capture process and suggest a number of specific problems related to particle capture, which may be solved in the future using advanced theoretical, computational and experimental techniques.

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“…Much of their morphology can be linked to functions related to active suspension feeding, which has been studied extensively in adult ascidians and bivalves (e.g. FialaMedioni 1978, Flood & Fiala-Medioni 1979, Randløv & Riisgård 1979, Jørgensen et al 1984, Riisgård 1988, Petersen & Riisgård 1992, Riisgård & Larsen 1995, Kowalke 1999, Petersen & Svane 2002. The physical mechanisms of flow generation during active suspension feeding are well understood, and the effects of morphology and size on feeding performance are readily quantifiable (Rubinstein & Koehl 1977, Jør-gensen et al 1984, LaBarbera 1984, Riisgård 1988.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). Food particles are captured with high retention efficiency (Randløv & Riisgård 1979) on a mucous net inside the basket and, together with the net, are passed into the stomach. We will focus here on the effects of siphon and basket morphology on the resistance to flow, pump power and the region of water sampled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Form and function in juvenile ascidians. I. Implications of early juvenile morphologies for performance

Sherrard¹,

LaBarbera²

2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Newly settled marine invertebrates are typically less than 1 mm tall and face physical and biotic factors distinct from those facing adults, including a fluid environment dominated by high viscosity and deep boundary layers, and a size-specific suite of predators and competitors. If juveniles have distinct morphologies from adults, or morphologies that function differently at small scales, these differences could have important implications for juvenile performance. We compared the ontogenetic scaling of morphological parameters related to suspension feeding in 6 species of ascidians covering a wide taxonomic range. Many aspects of early juvenile morphology differed from those of conspecific adults, though not invariably in ways likely to improve feeding performance at small size. Some juvenile morphologies that are detrimental to efficient suspension feeding may serve other functions, whereas others are the result of commencing suspension feeding before the completion of metamorphosis. Thus, not all ascidian species appear specialized for higher rates of suspension feeding and early growth.

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Efficiency of Particle Retention and Filtration Rate in Four Species of Ascidians

Cited by 95 publications

References 12 publications

The ultimate opportunists: consumers of seston

The ultimate opportunists: consumers of seston

Particle capture mechanisms in suspension-feeding invertebrates

Form and function in juvenile ascidians. I. Implications of early juvenile morphologies for performance

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