Efficiency of Traditional Water Treatment Plant and Compact Units in Removing Viruses

Abstract

The fecal bacteria have been taken as the gold standard for water industry. However, the spread of viral gastroenteritis due to drinking water have given a momentum to a recent push by microbiologists to consider viruses as important pollution indicator as fecal bacteria. Therefore, we designed a study to evaluate the efficiency of two types of water purification systems: the traditional water treatment plant and two types compact units. Both systems produced drinking waters free of bacteria, chemical contaminants and mostly viruses free. However, recent advances in molecular biology techniques, such as RT-PCR have detected Rotaviruses in chlorinated drinking waters resulted from all systems. The frequency of Rotaviruses since October 2010 till September 2012 in Shark El-Mansoura WTP in drinking water samples was 12.5% similar to raw water. While the compact unit at Depo Awam (American design) the frequency of Rotavirus was 16.6% in both raw and drinking water samples. On the other hand the virus frequency in the raw and drinking water sample in El-Danabik unit (Egyptian design) were 12.5% and 4.16% respectively. Signifying failure of the chlorination process in removing viruses completely. However, detection of Rotavirus genome in the drinking water samples does not means the presence of its infectivity. The infectious ability of the rotaviruses was confirmed by CC-RT-PCR in all positive samples, where viral RNA was not detected in the collected drinking water samples. In conclusion RT-PCR and CC-RT-PCR techniques high lightened the need to include viruses as mandatory pollution indicator in water treatment plants. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 528-536

Prevalence, Genotyping, and Seasonality of Rotavirus in Environmental Water Samples and Stool Samples of Gastroenteritis Children in Egypt (2010-2016)

“…In addition to the differences in the number of tested samples with geographical area and the level of economic status. [31], and 2010-2012 [32]. Our results demonstrated that the higher prevalence of rotavirus infections (55.8%) among children was found in the diarrheal specimens collected during the period 2013-2015 whereas the higher detection rates of RVA in both wastewater (44.7%) and water (36.8%) samples were found in samples collected during the period 20017-2009, which could be a result of differences in the time of sample collection.…”

“…In the current survey, 13 studies [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] contained data on the prevalence of RVA in clinical and environmental samples are included. Among them, eight studies [20][21][22][25][26][27][28][29] contained data on occurrence of RV in clinical samples, three studies [30][31][32] contained data on the prevalence of RVA in environmental samples, and two studies [23,24] contained data on both clinical and environmental samples Table 1.…”

“…However, our analysis is lower than those reported by Lyman, et al [35] and Pang, et al [36], they detected RVA infection in 17% and 18% diarrheal samples, respectively. As shown in Table 3, four studies [23,24,31,32] contained data on the presence of RVA genome in 480 water samples (240 raw Nile water and 240 drink water samples) by RT-PCR to evaluate of the role environmental water as possible vehicle for transmission of rotavirus. Overall, RVA genome was detected in 23.3% of all analyzed samples.…”

“…However, updating vaccine formulation are required to contain other circulating genotypes (such as G9 and G10, G1P [4], G2P [4], and G3P [8], and G9P [8]) in our community. Furthermore, most of the included studies [21][22][23][24]27,28,31,32] demonstrated that the peak of incidence of rotavirus in both clinical and environmental samples was occurred in cooler months (autumn and winter), which agree with other studies [43,45]. It has been suggested that survival of infectious RV is increased in cooler months with low relative humidity, where this relative drop in humidity and the relatively dry soil moisture combined with rainfall can lead to increase the aerial transport of contaminated fecal and dried materials [50,51].…”

How does a Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract influence the components of isolated rotavirus particles from stool samples collected in a clinical setting from children?

“…According to Osman et al (2015) , the HRV-inoculated Vero cell plates were inspected under an inverted microscope (HUND, Germany) for development four days after injection for CPE.…”