Forages are a major source of nutrients for milk production, but little is known about the effects of forage species on whole-farm profitability and environmental performance. Using a whole-farm approach, the N-CyCLES (Nutrient-Cycling Crops-Livestock-Environment-Soil) optimization model, and experimentally measured data, this study aimed to compare the profitability and environmental performance of dairy farms when four alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-grass binary mixtures harvested and stored as silage and hay are used in ration formulation of heifers and lactating and dry cows: (a) alfalfa-timothy (Phleum pratense L.) (Al+Tim), (b) alfalfa-tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.] (Al+TF), (c) alfalfa-meadow fescue fescue [Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv.] (Al+MF), and (d) alfalfameadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii Roem. & Schult.) (Al+Bro). Simulations were conducted on two virtual eastern Canadian dairy farms: southwestern (SWQ) and eastern Quebec (EQ). Comparisons were based on net income, greenhouse gas emissions, and nutrient balances. In SWQ, Al+Bro and Al+Tim led to the highest net income, but only slight differences were calculated between the four mixtures (maximum difference of 1.4%). In EQ, results suggested that Al+TF is the most viable alternative to Al+Tim mixtures as it allowed the farm to reach the highest profit (maximum difference of 8%). The choice of grass in alfalfa-grass binary mixture had little impact on the farm's total greenhouse gas emissions: the lowest total greenhouse gas emissions were with Al+ MF in SWQ and with Al+TF in EQ. In SWQ, phosphorus balance was low for the four mixtures and the lowest nitrogen balance was Abbreviations: Al+Bro, alfalfa with meadow bromegrass; Al+MF, alfalfa with meadow fescue; Al+TF, alfalfa with tall fescue; Al+Tim, alfalfa with timothy; aNDF, neutral detergent fiber assayed with a heat-stable amylase and sodium sulfite; CO 2 eq, CO 2 -equivalent; CP, crude protein; DM, dry matter; EQ, eastern Quebec; FPCM, fat and protein corrected milk; GDD5, growing degree days based on 5 ˚C; GHG, greenhouse gas; N-CyCLES, Nutrient-Cycling Crops-Livestock-Environment-Soil; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; SWQ, southwestern Quebec; TDN, total digestible nutrients.